Wind and Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Development of devices and methods for simulation of hurricane winds in a full-scale testing facility

  • Huang, Peng (International Hurricane Research Center (IHRC), Florida International University, State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University) ;
  • Chowdhury, Arindam Gan (International Hurricane Research Center (IHRC), Florida International University) ;
  • Bitsuamlak, Girma (International Hurricane Research Center (IHRC), Florida International University) ;
  • Liu, Roy (International Hurricane Research Center (IHRC), Florida International University)
  • Received : 2008.08.07
  • Accepted : 2009.01.30
  • Published : 2009.03.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The International Hurricane Research Center (IHRC) at Florida International University (FIU) is pursuing research to better understand hurricane-induced effects on residential buildings and other structures through full-scale aerodynamic and destructive testing. The full-scale 6-fan Wall of Wind (WoW) testing apparatus, measuring 4.9 m tall by 7.3 m wide, is capable of generating hurricane-force winds. To achieve windstorm simulation capabilities it is necessary to reproduce mean and turbulence characteristics of hurricane wind flows. Without devices and methods developed to achieve target wind flows, the full-scale WoW simulations were found to be unsatisfactory. To develop such devices and methods efficiently, a small-scale (1:8) model of the WoW was built, for which simulation devices were easier and faster to install and change, and running costs were greatly reduced. The application of such devices, and the use of quasiperiodic fluctuating waveforms to run the WoW fan engines, were found to greatly influence and improve the turbulence characteristics of the 1:8 scale WoW flow. Reasonable reproductions of wind flows with specified characteristics were then achieved by applying to the full-scale WoW the devices and methods found to be effective for the 1:8 scale WoW model.

Keywords

References

  1. American Society of Civil Engineers (2005), Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures, ASCE Standard, ASCE/SEI 7-05, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.
  2. Bendat, J.S. and Piersol, A.G. (2000), Random Data: Analysis and Measurement Procedures, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons.
  3. Bitsuamlak, G., Gan Chowdhury, A. and Dagnew, A. (2008), "Computational blockage assessment for a new full-scale testing facility", Proc. of the 4th Int. Conf. on Advances in Wind and Structures, Jeju, Korea, 1547- 1558, (CD-ROM).
  4. Cermak, J.E. (1995), "Development of Wind Tunnels for Physical Modeling of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL)", 9th Int. Conf. on Wind Engineering, Delhi, India, New Age International Publishers Limited, 1-25.
  5. Datin, P.L., Prevatt, D.O., Masters, F.J., Gurley, K. and Reinhold, T.A. (2006), "Wind loads on single-family dwellings in suburban terrain—comparing field data and wind tunnel simulation", 2006 ASCE Structures Congress, St. Louis, Missouri.
  6. Durst, C. S. (1960), "Wind speeds over short periods of time", Meteorological Magazine, 89, 181-186.
  7. Eaton, K.J. and Mayne, J.R. (1975), "Measurement of wind pressures on two storey houses at Aylesbury", Journal of Industrial Aerodynamics, 1(1), 67-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(75)90007-0
  8. Gan Chowdhury, A. and Erwin, J.W. (2008), "Rooftop equipment wind load and mitigation techniques", Proc. of the 1st Workshop of the American Association for Wind Engineering (AAWE), Vail, Colorado, USA, (CD-ROM).
  9. Gan Chowdhury, A., Simiu, E. and Leatherman, S.P. (2008), "Destructive testing under simulated hurricane effects to promote hazard mitigation", In press, ASCE Natural Hazards Review Journal.
  10. Holmes, J.D. (2004), "Trajectories of spheres in strong winds with application to wind-borne debris", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 92, 9-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2003.09.031
  11. INEEL (Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory) (1998), Overview of INEEL, Presentation Before the Committee, December 7, 1998, Washington, D.C.
  12. Jones, N.P., Reed, D.A. and Cermak, J.E. (1995), "National Wind Hazards Reduction Program", J. Prof. Iss. Eng. Ed. Pr., 121(1), 41-46. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(1995)121:1(41)
  13. Kasperski, M., Koss, H. and Sahlmen, J. (1996), "BEATRICE Joint Project: Wind action on low-rise buildings, Part 1. Basic information and first results", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 64(2-3), 101-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(97)00002-0
  14. Krayer, W. R. and Marshall, R. D. (1992), "Gust factors applied to hurricane winds", B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 73, 613-617. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1992)073<0613:GFATHW>2.0.CO;2
  15. Levitan, M.L. and Mehta, K.C. (1992), "Texas Tech Field Experiments for wind loads, Part I: Buildings and pressure measurement system", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 41-44, 1565-1576.
  16. Lin, N., Holmes, J.D. and Letchford, C.W. (2007), "Trajectories of wind-borne debris in horizontal winds and applications to impact testing", J. Struct. Eng., 133(2), 274-282. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:2(274)
  17. Liu, R. (2008), "Wall of Wind flow characterization and active control of turbulence", M.S. Thesis, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
  18. Long, F., Smith, D.A., Zhu, H. and Gilliam, K. (2005), "Uncertainties associated with the full-scale to wind tunnel pressure coefficient extrapolation", Report submitted to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Work performed under the Department of Commerce NIST/TTU Cooperative Agreement Award 70NANB3H5003.
  19. Marshall, R.D. (1977), Cyclone Tracy, National Bureau of Standards, Special Publication, No. 477, 21-53.
  20. Masters, F.J., Reinhold, T.A., Gurley, K.R. and Aponte-Bermudez, L.D. (2005), "In-field measurement and stochastic-modeling of tropical cyclone winds", Proc. Fourth European and African Conf. on Wind Eng. (EACWE4), Prague, Czech Republic, Paper 129 (CD-ROM).
  21. Masters, F.J. (2004), "Measurement, modeling and simulation of ground-level tropical cyclone winds", PhD Dissertation, University of Florida, Department of Civil and Coastal Engineering.
  22. Masters, F.J., Aponte, L., Gurley, K. and Reinhold, T.A. (2004), "Gust factors observed in Tropical Cyclones Isabel, Dennis, Isidore Gabrielle and Irene during the 1999-2003 Atlantic Hurricane seasons", 9th Annual ASCE Joint Specialty Conf. on Probabilistic Mechanics and Structural Reliability, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
  23. Masters, F.J., Gurley, K. and Reinhold, T.A. (2003), "Ground level wind characteristics of Isidore and Dennis", 11th Int. Conf. on Wind Engineering, Lubbock, Texas.
  24. Mikhailova, N.P., Repik, E.U. and Sosedko, Y.P. (2001), "Scale of grid and honeycomb- generated turbulence", Fluid Dynamics, 36(1), 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018871408616
  25. National Research Council (1999), Review of the need for a large-scale test facility for research on the effects of extreme winds on structures, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1-40.
  26. National Science Board (2007), Hurricane warning: the critical need for a national hurricane research initiative, NSB-06-115, 1-36.
  27. Nishi, A., Kikugawa, H., Matsuda, Y. and Tashiro D. (1997), "Turbulence control in multiple-fan wind tunnels", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 67&68(1997) 861-872.
  28. Ozono, S., Nishi, A. and Miyagi, H. (2006), "Turbulence generated by a wind tunnel of multi-fan type in uniformly active and quasi-grid modes", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 94, 225-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2006.01.010
  29. Philips, W.G. (1999), "Preparing for disasters", Popular Science, 254(1), 39.
  30. Phillips, J.C., Thomas, N.H., Perkins, R.J. and Miller, P.C.H. (1999), "Wind tunnel velocity profiles generated by differentially-spaced flat plates", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 80, 253-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(98)00207-4
  31. Powell, M.D., Houston, S.H. and Reinhold, T.A. (1996), "Hurricane Andrew's landfall in South Florida, Part I: Standardizing measurements for documentation of surface wind fields", Weather Forecast., 11, 304-328. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1996)011<0304:HALISF>2.0.CO;2
  32. Reinhold, T.A. (2006), "Wind loads and anchorage requirements for rooftop equipment", American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Journal, 48(3), 36-43.
  33. Rice, S.O. (1954), "Mathematical analysis of random noise", in Selected papers in noise and stochastic processes, Wax, A., ed., Dover, New York.
  34. Richards, P.J., Hoxey, R.P. and Short, L.J. (2001), "Wind pressures on a 6m cube", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 89, 1553-1564. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(01)00139-8
  35. Richardson, G.M., Hoxey, R.P., Robertson, A.P. and Short, J.L. (1997), "Silsoe Structures Building: Comparisons of pressures measured at full scale and in two wind tunnels", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 72(1-3), 187-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(97)00274-2
  36. Sambare, D., Khan, H., Tecle, A. and Bitsuamlak, G. (2008), "Assessing Effectiveness of Roof Secondary Water Barriers", Proc. of the 1st Workshop of the American Association for Wind Engineering (AAWE), Vail, Colorado, USA, (CD-ROM).
  37. Schroeder, J. L. and Smith, D. A. (2003), "Hurricane Bonnie wind flow characteristics as determined from WEMITE", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 91, 767-789. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(02)00475-0
  38. Simiu, E. and Scanlan, R. (1996), Wind Effects on Structures, 3rd edition, New York: Wiley.
  39. Simiu, E., Vickery, P. and Kareem, A. (2007), "Relation between Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale wind speeds and peak 3-s gust speeds over open terrain", J. Struct. Eng., 133(7), 1043-1045. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:7(1043)
  40. Yu, B. (2007), "Surface Mean Flow and Turbulence Structure in Tropical Cyclone Winds", Ph.D. Dissertation, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
  41. Yu, B., Gan Chowdhury, A. and Masters, F.J. (2008), "Hurricane power spectra, co-spectra, and integral length Scales", Bound.-Lay. Meteorol, 129, 411-430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-008-9316-8

Cited by

  1. Aerodynamic Mitigation of Roof and Wall Corner Suctions Using Simple Architectural Elements vol.139, pp.3, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000505
  2. Simplified Wind Flow Model for the Estimation of Aerodynamic Effects on Small Structures vol.139, pp.3, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000508
  3. Wind-Loading Effects on Roof-to-Wall Connections of Timber Residential Buildings vol.139, pp.3, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000512
  4. A proposed technique for determining aerodynamic pressures on residential homes vol.15, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2012.15.1.027
  5. Study on Roof Vents Subjected to Simulated Hurricane Effects vol.12, pp.4, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000039
  6. Opening and Compartmentalization Effects of Internal Pressure in Low-Rise Buildings with Gable and Hip Roofs vol.21, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000101
  7. The Florida Coastal Monitoring Program (FCMP): A review vol.99, pp.9, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2011.07.002
  8. Three-Dimensional Finite-Element Modeling and Validation of a Timber-Framed House to Wind Loading vol.143, pp.9, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001850
  9. Application of a full-scale testing facility for assessing wind-driven-rain intrusion vol.44, pp.12, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.04.009
  10. Wind profile management and blockage assessment for a new 12-fan Wall of Wind facility at FIU vol.14, pp.4, 2011, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2011.14.4.285
  11. Testing of Residential Homes under Wind Loads vol.12, pp.4, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000034
  12. Grand Challenges in Wind Engineering: Advancing Cyber-Physical Tools to Investigate Structural Performance of Buildings vol.2, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2016.00018
  13. Development of a Full-Scale Structural Testing Program to Evaluate the Resistance of Australian Houses to Wind Loads vol.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2017.00021
  14. Wind Effects on Roofs with High-Profile Tiles: Experimental Study vol.20, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000156
  15. Full-scale aerodynamic testing of a loose concrete roof paver system vol.44, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.05.008
  16. Computational assessment of blockage and wind simulator proximity effects for a new full-scale testing facility vol.13, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2010.13.1.021
  17. Partial turbulence simulation and aerodynamic pressures validation for an open-jet testing facility vol.19, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2014.19.1.015
  18. Using a Planar Array of MEMS Microphones to Obtain Acoustic Images of a Fan Matrix vol.2017, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3209142
  19. Triaxial Load Testing of Metal and FRP Roof-to-Wall Connectors vol.17, pp.3, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000039
  20. Open-jet boundary-layer processes for aerodynamic testing of low-rise buildings vol.25, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2017.25.3.233