Nutrition Research and Practice

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
권호 표지

Effect of Chlorella intake on Cadmium metabolism in rats

  • Shim, Jee-Ae (Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Son, Young-Ae (Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Park, Ji-Min (Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Kim, Mi-Kyung (Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University)
  • Published : 2009.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was performed to investigate the effect of chlorella on cadmium (Cd) toxicity in Cd-administered rats. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats (14 week-old) were blocked into 6 groups. Cadmium chloride was given at levels of 0 or 325 mg (Cd: 0, 160 ppm), and chlorella powder at levels of 0, 3 and 5%. Cadmium was accumulated in blood and tissues (liver, kidney and small intestine) in the Cd-exposed groups, while the accumulation of Cd was decreased in the Cd-exposed chlorella groups. Fecal and urinary Cd excretions were remarkably increased in Cd-exposed chlorella groups. Thus, cadmium retention ratio and absorption rate were decreased in the Cd exposed chlorella groups. Urinary and serum creatinine, and creatinine clearance were not changed in experimental animals. In addition, metallothionein (MT) synthesis in tissues was increased by Cd administration. The Cd-exposed chlorella groups indicated lower MT concentration compared to the Cd-exposed groups. Moreover, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was not changed by dietary chI orella and Cd administration. According to the results above, this study could suggest that Cd toxicity can be alleviated by increasing Cd excretion through feces. Therefore, when exposed to Cd, chlorella is an appropriate source which counteracts heavy metal poisoning, to decrease the damage of tissues by decreasing cadmium absorption.

Keywords

References

  1. Andersen O, Nielsen JB & Nordberg GF (1992). Factors affecting the intestinal uptake of cadmium from the diet. IARC Sci Publ 118:173-187
  2. Berglund M, Akesson A, Bjellerup P & Vahter A (2000). Metal-bone interaction. Toxicol Lett 113:219-225 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(99)00272-6
  3. Brzoska MM, Kamiński M, Supernak-Bobko D, Zwierz K & Moniuszko-Jakoniuk J (2003). Changes in the structure and function of the kidney of rats chronically exposed to cadmium. I. Biochemical and histopathological studies. Arch Toxicol 77:344-352 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-003-0451-1
  4. Brzoska MM, Majewska K & Moniuszko-Jakoniuk J (2005). Weakness in the mechanical properties of the femurs of growing female rats exposed to cadmium. Arch Toxicol 79:519-530 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-005-0650-z
  5. Casalino E, Calzaretti G, Sblano C & Landriscina C (2002). Molecular inhibitory mechanisms of antioxidant enzymes in rat liver and kidney by cadmium. Toxicology 179:37-50 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00245-7
  6. Chapman PM, Wang F, Janssen CR, Goulet RR & Kamunde CN (2003). Conducting ecological risk assessments of inorganic metals and metalloids: Current status. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 9:641-697 https://doi.org/10.1080/713610004
  7. Cousins RJ, barber AK & Trout JR (1973). Cadmium toxicity in growing swine. J Nutr 103:964-972 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/103.7.964
  8. Dorian C, Gatto VH, Gattone 2 & Klaassen CD (1992). Accumulation and degradation of protein moiety of CdMT in the mouse kidney. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 117:242-248 https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(92)90243-L
  9. Eaton DL & Cherian MG (1991). Determination of metallothionein in tissues by cadmium-hemoglobin affinity assay. Methods Enzymol 205:83-88 https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(91)05089-E
  10. Eaton DL & Toal BF (1982). Evaluation of the Cd/hemoglobin affinity assay for the rapid determination of metallothionein in biological tissues. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 66:134-142 https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(82)90068-0
  11. Elsenhans B, Strugala GJ & Schafer SG (1997). Small-intestinal absorption of cadmium and the significance of mucosal metallothionein. Hum Exp Toxicol 16:429-434 https://doi.org/10.1177/096032719701600803
  12. Friberg L (1984). Cadmium and the kidney. Environ Health Perspect 54:1-11 https://doi.org/10.2307/3429784
  13. Friberg L, Piscator M, Nordberg GF & Kjellstrom T (1974). Cadmium in the environment. 2nd ed. p.19, CRC Press, OH, Cleveland. USA
  14. Goering PL, Mistry P & Fowler BA (1987). Mechanism of metal induced cell injury. In: Haley TJ, Berndt WO (Eds.), Handbook of Toxicology, p.384-425. Springer press, Washington DC. USA
  15. Goering PL, Wıuıs MP & Klaassen CD (1995). Toxicology of cadmium. (Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology) In: Goyer RA, Cherian MG (Eds.), Toxicology of Metals: Biochemical Aspects. 115:189-213. Springer-Verlag press, NY. USA
  16. Goering PT & Klaassen CD (1984). Tolerance to cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity following cadmium pretreatment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 74:308-313 https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(84)90283-7
  17. Goyer RA & Cherian MG (1995). Renal effects of metals. In: Goyer RA, Klaassen CD, Waalkes MP (Eds.), Metal Toxicology, p.389-412. Academic Press, San Diego. USA
  18. Hagino N & Ichimura S (1975). Effect of chlorella on fecal and urinary cadmium excretion in 'Itai-itai' disease. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 30:77
  19. Han JG, Kang GG, Kim JK & Kim SH (2002). The present status and future of Chlorella. Food Science Industry 6:64-69
  20. Hidalgo J, Garvey JS & Armario A (1990). On the metallothionein, glutathione and cysteinee relationship in rat liver. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 255:554-564
  21. Hwang YK, Choi HJ NM, Yoo JD & Kim YH (2006a). Effect of Chlorella on Metallothionein Synthesis and Binding Capacity of Cadmium in Cadmium Poisoned Rat Liver and Kidney. J Biomed Sci 12:23-27
  22. Hwang YK, Lee YK, Yun JY, Hwang JM & Yoo JD (2006b). Effect of Chlorella on Metallothionein Synthesis and Binding Capacity of Cadmium in Cadmium Poisoned Rat Liver and Kidney. J Biomed Lab Sci 12:23-27
  23. Jarup L, Berglund M, Elinder CG, Nordberg G & Vahter M (1998). Health effects of cadmium exposure―a review of the literature and a risk estimate. Scand J Work Environ Health 24:1-51 https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.270
  24. Jemai H, Messaoudi I, Chaouch A & Kerkeni A (2007). Protective effect of zinc supplementation on blood antioxidant defense system in rats exposed to cadmium. J Trace Elem Med Biol 21:269-273 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2007.08.001
  25. Kagi JH & Schaffer A (1988). Biochemistry of metallothionein. Biochemistry 27:8509-8515 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00423a001
  26. Kagi JR & Nordberg M (1979). In Metallothionein, Birkhauser Verlag. p.56-65. Basel press, Boston. USA
  27. Kojima M, Shishido K, Kobayashi S, Dobashi M & Ino S (1973). A Chlorella polysaccharide as a factor stimulating RES activity. J Reticuloendothel Soc 14:192-208
  28. Manuel Y, Thomas Y & Pellegrini O (1992). Metallothionein and tissue damage. IARC Sci Publ 118:231-237
  29. Min KS, Fujita Y, Onosaka S & Tanaka K (1991). Role of intestinal metallothionein in absorption and distribution of orally administered cadmium. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 109:7-16 https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(91)90186-I
  30. Morita K, Matsueda T, Iida T & Hasegawa T (1999). Chlorella Accelerates Dioxin Excretion in Rats. J Nutr 129:1731-1736 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/129.9.1731
  31. Nordberg GF (1992). Application of the 'critical concentration' concept to human risk assessment for cadmium. IARC Sci Publ 118:3-14
  32. Nordberg GF, Goyer R & Nordberg M (1975). Comparative toxicity of cadmium-metallothionein and cadmium chloride on mouse kidney. Arch Pathol 99:192-197
  33. Nordberg M (1984). General aspects of cadmium: transtport, uptake and metabolism by the kidney. Environ Health Perspect 54:13-20 https://doi.org/10.2307/3429785
  34. Nordberg M & Nordberg GF (1987). On the role of metallothionein in cadmium induced renal toxicity. Experientia Suppl 52:669-675
  35. Omori M & Muto Y (1977). Effects of dietary protein, calcium, phosphorus and fiber on renal accumulation of exogenous cadmium in young rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 23:361-373 https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.23.361
  36. Onosaka S & Cherian MG (1982). Comparison of metallothionein determination by polarographic and cadmium-saturation methods. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 63:270-274 https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(82)90049-7
  37. Owen JK (1954). The determination of creatinine in plasma or serum or urine: A critical examination. Biochem J 58:4261-4268
  38. Park JD, Choi BS, Hong YP & Chang IW (1994). Time-dependent pattern of cadmium (Total-, MT bound- and free-) distribution in liver and kidney. Chung-Ang Journal of Medicine 19:279-291
  39. Reeves PG, Nielsen FH & Fahey GC (1993). AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. J Nutr 123:1939-1951 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/123.11.1939
  40. Reitman S & Frankel S (1957). A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J Clin Pathol 28:56-63 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56
  41. Revis NW & Osborne TR (1984). Dietary protein effects on cadmium and metallothionein accumulation in the liver and kidney of rats. Environ Health Perspect 54:83-91 https://doi.org/10.2307/3429794
  42. Rikans LE & Yamano T (2000). Mechanisms of cadmium mediated acute hepatotoxicity. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 14:110-117 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0461(2000)14:2<110::AID-JBT7>3.0.CO;2-J
  43. Satarug S, Baker JR, Urbenjapol S, Haswell-Elkins M, Reilly PE, Williams DJ & Moore MR (2003). A global perspective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally exposed population. Toxicol Lett 137:65-83 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00381-8
  44. Sato M & Bremner I (1993). Oxygen free radicals and metallothionein. Free Radic Biol Med 14: 325-337 https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(93)90029-T
  45. Shaikh ZA, Zaman K, Tang W & Vu T (1999). Treatment of chronic cadmium nephrotoxicity by N-acetyl cysteinee. Toxicol Lett 104:137-142 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(98)00358-0
  46. Shim JY, Shin HS, Han JG, Park HS, Lim BL, Chung KW & Om AS (2008). Protective effects of Chlorella vulgaris on liver toxicity in cadmium-administered rats. J Med Food 11:479-85 https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2007.0075
  47. Simoni RD, Hill RL & Vaughn M (2002). A system of blood analysis. J Biol Chem 17:277
  48. Singh A, Singh SP & Bamezai R (1999). Inhibitory potential of Chlorella vulgaris (E-25) on mouse skin papillomagenesis and xenobiotic detoxication system. Anticancer Res 19:1887-1891
  49. Thevenod F (2003). Nephrotoxicity and the proximal tubule. insights from cadmium. Nephron Physiol 93:87-93 https://doi.org/10.1159/000070241
  50. Thijssen S, Cuypers A, Maringwa J, Smeets K, Horemans N, Lambrichts I & Van Kerkhove E (2007). Low cadmium exposure triggers a biphasic oxidative stress response in mice kidneys. Toxicology 236:29-41 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2007.03.022
  51. Toraason M & Foulkes EC (1984). Interaction between calcium and cadmium in the 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulated rat duodenum. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 75:98-104 https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(84)90080-2
  52. Tsalev DL & Zaprianov ZK (1993). Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in Occupational and Environmental Health Practice, p.105-112. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. USA
  53. Tsuritani I, Honda R, Ishizaki M, Yamada Y, Kido T & Nogawa K (1992). Impairment of vitamin D metabolism due to environmental cadmium exposure, and possible relevance to sex-related differences in vulnerability to the bone damage. J Toxicol Environ Health 37:519-533 https://doi.org/10.1080/15287399209531690
  54. Valberg LS, Sorbie J & Hamilton DL (1976). Gastrointestinal metabolism of cadmium in experimental iron deficiency. Am J Physiol 231:462-467
  55. Wang XP, Chan HM, Goyer RA & Cherian MG (1993). Nephrotoxicity of repeated injections of cadmium-metallothionein in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 119:11-16 https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1993.1038
  56. Wilson AK, Cerny EA, Smith BD, Wagh A & Bhattacharyya MH (1996). Effects of cadmium on osteoclast formation and activity in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 140:451-460 https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1996.0242
  57. Yeager DW, Cholak J & Henderson EW (1971). Determination of lead in biological and related material by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Environ Sci Technol 5:1020 https://doi.org/10.1021/es60057a010
  58. Yoshida N, Ikeda R & Okuno T (2006). Identification and characterization of heavy metal-resistant unicellular alga isolated from soil and its potential for phytoremediation. Bioresour Technol 97:1843-1849 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.08.021
  59. Zinterhofer LJ, Jatlow PI & Fappiano A (1971). Atomic absorption determination of lead in blood and urine in the presence of EDTA. J Lab Clin Med 78:664-674