Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

The Korean Pediatric Society (대한소아청소년과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Hypertension in children and adolescents

소아 청소년기에서 고혈압

  • Jung, Jo Won (Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University School of Medicine)
  • 정조원 (아주대학교 의과대학 소아과학교실 소아심장분과)
  • Received : 2009.06.05
  • Accepted : 2009.07.06
  • Published : 2009.07.15
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Hypertension is a major risk factor for myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality in adults; its treatment reduces the risk of cardiovascular events. In recent times, attention is being paid to monitoring of blood pressure from childhood to adulthood. Childhood hypertension is associated with hypertension in later life, and early intervention is important. In the Korean socioeconomic background, a rapid increase is observed in the number of obesity cases and the rate of increase in the incidence of obesity is more in childhood. The strong association of high blood pressure with obesity and the marked increase in the incidence of childhood obesity indicate that both hypertension and prehypertension are becoming significant health issues. In this comprehensive review, we acquaint the clinician with the available literature on childhood hypertension to provide recommendations for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hypertension based on the available evidence and consensus in Korean clinical conditions.

Keywords

References

  1. Celermajer DS, Ayer JG. Childhood risk factors for adult cardiovascular disease and primary prevention in childhood. Heart 2006;92:1701-6 https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2005.081760
  2. Whincup PH, Cook DG, Geleijnse JM. A life course approach to blood pressure. In : Kuh D, Ben-Shlomo Y, editors. A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology. Oxford; Oxford University Press, 2004:218-39
  3. Barker DJ, Bagby SP, Hanson MA. Mechanisms of disease: in utero programming in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2006;2:700-7 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpneph0344
  4. Lee CG, Moon JS, Choi JM, Nam CM, Lee SY, Oh KW, et al. Normative blood pressure references for Korean children and adolescents Korean J Pediatr 2008;51:33-41 https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2008.51.1.33
  5. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2004;114(2 Suppl 4th Report):555-76 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.114.2.S2.555
  6. Sorof J, Daniels S. Obesity hypertension in children: a problem of epidemic proportions. Hypertension 2002;40:441-7 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000032940.33466.12
  7. Munoz S. Blood pressure studies in pediatric population: metabolic syndrome in hypertensive children and adolescents. J Hum Hypertens 2000;14:S10-S15 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1000980
  8. Noh JI, Kim JY, Cheong HI, Choi Y, Gho KW. Childhood Hypertension of in-hospital patients. J Korean Pediatr 1985; 28:63-8
  9. Park MK, Menard SW, Yuan C. Comparison of blood pressure in children from three ethnic groups. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:1305-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01528-4
  10. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, et al. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003;289: 2560-72
  11. Mitsnefes MM, Daniels SR, Schwartz SM, Khoury P, Strife CF. Changes in left ventricular mass in children and adolescents during chronic dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2001;16:318- 23 https://doi.org/10.1007/s004670000557
  12. Sorof JM, Alexandrov AV, Cardwell G, Portman RJ. Carotid artery intimal-medial thickness and left ventricular hypertrophy in children with elevated blood pressure. Pediatrics 2003;111:61-66 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.111.1.61
  13. Hanevold C, Waller J, Daniels S, Portman R, Sorof J. The effects of obesity, gender, and ethnic group on left ventricular hypertrophy and geometry in hypertensive children: a collaborative study of the International Pediatric Hypertension Association. Pediatrics. 2004;113:328-33 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.113.2.328
  14. Daniels SR, Loggie JM, Khoury P, Kimball TR. Left ventricular geometry and severe left ventricular hypertrophy in children and adolescents with essential hypertension. Circulation 1998;97:1907-11
  15. Svardsudd K, Wedel H, Aurell E, Tibblin G. Hypertensive eye ground changes. Prevalence, relation to blood pressure and prognostic importance. The study of men born in 1913. Acta Med Scand 1978;204:159-67
  16. Skalina ME, Annable WL, Kliegman RM, Fanaroff AA. Hypertensive retinopathy in the newborn infant. J Pediatr 1983;103:781-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(83)80485-5
  17. Muntner P, He J, Cutler JA, Wildman RP, Whelton PK. Trends in blood pressure among children and adolescents. JAMA 2004;291:2107-13 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.17.2107
  18. Park MK, Menard SM. Accuracy of blood pressure measurement by the Dinamap monitor in infants and children. Pediatrics 1987;79:907-14
  19. Park MK, Menard SW, Yuan C. Comparison of auscultatory and oscillometric blood pressures. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001;155:50-3 https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.155.1.50
  20. Wells T, Frame V, Soffer B, Shaw W, Zhang Z, Herrera P, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study of the effectiveness and safety of enalapril for children with hypertension. J Clin Pharmacol 2002;42:870-80 https://doi.org/10.1177/009127002401102786
  21. Soffer B, Zhang Z, Miller K, Vogt BA, Shahinfar S. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study of the effectiveness and safety of lisinopril for children with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2003;16:795-800 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-7061(03)00900-2
  22. Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet 2000;356:411-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02539-3