참고문헌
-
Asson-Batres, M. A., M. K. Stock, J. F. Hare and J. Metcalfe. 1989.
$O_{2}$ effect on composition of chick embryonic heart and brain. Respir. Physiol. 77(1):101-109 https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-5687(89)90033-9 - Baumann, R., E. A. Haller, U. Schoning and M. Weber. 1986. Hypoxic incubation leads to concerted changes of carbonic anhydrase activity and 2.3-DPG concentration of chick embryo red cells. Dev. Biol. 116(2):548-551 https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(86)90157-0
-
Black, J. L. and W. W. Burggren. 2004. Acclimation to hypothermic incubation in developing chicken embryos (Gallus domesticus): II. Hematology and blood
$O_{2}$ transport. J. Exp. Biol. 207(Pt 9): 1553-1561 https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00910 - Burton, G. J. and M. E. Palmer. 1992. Development of the chick chorioallantoic capillary plexus under normoxic and normobaric hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions: a morphometric study. J. Exp. Zool. 262(3):291-298 https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402620309
- Chan, T. and W. Burggren. 2005. Hypoxic incubation creates differential morphological effects during specific developmental critical windows in the embryo of the chicken (Gallus gallus). Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 145(2-3):251-263 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2004.09.005
- Craig Patrick Black, G. K. S. 1980. Oxygen transport in the avian egg at high altitude. Am. Zoologist 20(2):461-468
- Crossley, D. A. and J. Altimiras. 2005. Cardiovascular development in embryos of the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis: effects of chronic and acute hypoxia. J. Exp. Biol. 208(Pt 1):31-39 https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01355
- Crossley, D. A., B. P. Bagatto, E. M. Dzialowski and W. W. Burggren. 2003. Maturation of cardiovascular control mechanisms in the embryonic emu (Dromiceius novaehollandiae). J. Exp. Biol. 206(Pt 15):2703-2710 https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00476
- Cynthia Carey, F. L.-V., Olga Dunin-Borkowski, Theresa L. Bucher, Grimaneza de la Torre, Daniel Espinoza and Carlos Monge. 1989. Variation in eggshell characteristics and gas exchange of montane and lowland coot eggs. Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 159(4):389-400 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00692411
- Dragon, S. and R. Baumann. 2003. Hypoxia, hormones, and red blood cell function in chick embryos. News Physiol. Sci. 18: 77-82
-
Dragon, S., C. C. Martin K. and R. Baumann. 1999. Effect of high altitude and in vivo adenosine/
$\beta$ -adrenergic receptor blockade on ATP and 2,3-BPG concentrations in red blood cells of avian embryos. J. Exp. Biol. 202(20):2787-2795 - Dzialowski, E. M., D. von Plettenberg, N. A. Elmonoufy and W. W. Burggren. 2002. Chronic hypoxia alters the physiological and morphological trajectories of developing chicken embryos. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 131(4):713-724 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00009-0
- Giussani, D. A., R. A. Riquelme, E. .M. Sanhueza, M. A. Hanson, C. E. Blanco and A. J. Llanos. 1999. Adrenergic and vasopressinergic contributions to the cardiovascular response to acute hypoxaemia in the llama fetus. J. Physiol. 515(Pt 1): 233-241 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.233ad.x
- Giussani, D. A., J. A. Spencer, P. J. Moore, L. Bennet and M. A. Hanson. 1993. Afferent and efferent components of the cardiovascular reflex responses to acute hypoxia in term fetal sheep. J. Physiol. 461:431-449
- Giussani, D. A., C. E. Salinas, M. Villena and C. E. Blanco. 2007. The role of oxygen in prenatal growth: studies in the chick embryo. J. Physiol. 585(Pt 3):911-917 https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.141572
- Hamburger, V. and H. L. Hamilton. 1951. A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. J. Morphol. 88: 49-92 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050880104
- Hass, J. D., E. A. Frongillo Jr, C. D. Stepick, J. L. Beard and L. Hurtado. 1980. Altitude, ethnic and sex differences in birth weight and length in Bolivia. Hum. Biol. 52(3):459-477 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-4004(05)80195-X
- Hochachka, P. W., J. L. Rupert and C. Monge. 1999. Adaptation and conservation of physiological systems in the evolution of human hypoxia tolerance. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 124(1):1-17 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(99)00079-3
- Jaffee, O. C. 1974. The effects of moderate hypoxia and moderate hypoxia plus hypercapnea on cardiac development in chick embryos. Teratol. 10(3):275-281 https://doi.org/10.1002/tera.1420100310
- Jansson, T. and G. W. Lambert. 1999. Effect of intrauterine growth restriction on blood pressure, glucose tolerance and sympathetic nervous system activity in the rat at 3-4 months of age. J. Hypertens. 17(9):1239-1248 https://doi.org/10.1097/00004872-199917090-00002
- Leon-Velarde, F. and C. C. Monge. 2004. Avian embryos in hypoxic environments. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 141(3): 331-343 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2004.02.010
- Mahmoud, K. Z. and A. M. Yaseen. 2005. Effect of feed withdrawal and heat acclimatization on stress responses of male broiler and layer-type chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 18(10):1445-1450
-
Meuer, H. J., V. Hartmann and S. Jopp. 1992. Tissue
$PO_{2}$ and growth rate in early chick embryos. Respir. Physiol. 90(2): 227-237 https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-5687(92)90083-9 - Miller, S. L., L. R. Green, D. M. Peebles, M. A. Hanson and C. E. Blanco. 2002. Effects of chronic hypoxia and protein malnutrition on growth in the developing chick. Am. J. Obstet Gynecol. 186(2):261-267 https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2002.119629
- Moore, L. G. 1990. Maternal O2 transport and fetal growth in Colorado, Peru and Tibet high-altitude residents. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2:627-637 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.1310020606
- Mulder, A. L., A. Miedema, J. G. De Mey, D. A. Giussani and C. E. Blanco. 2002. Sympathetic control of the cardiovascular response to acute hypoxemia in the chick embryo. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 282(4):R1156-1163
- Mulder, A. L., J. C. van Golde, F. W. Prinzen and C. E. Blanco. 1998. Cardiac output distribution in response to hypoxia in the chick embryo in the second half of the incubation time. J Physiol. 508(Pt 1):281-287 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.281br.x
- Piiper, J., H. Tazawa, A. Ar and H. Rahn. 1980. Analysis of chorioallantoic gas exchange in the chick embryo. Respir. Physiol. 39(3):273-284 https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-5687(80)90059-6
- Richards, M. P., M. K. Stock and J. Metcalfe. 1991. Effects of brief hypoxia and hyperoxia on tissue trace element levels in the developing chick embryo. Magnes Trace Elem. 10(5-6): 305-320
- Rouwet, E. V., A. N. Tintu, M. W. Schellings, M. van Bilsen, E. Lutgens, L. Hofstra, D. W. Slaaf, G. Ramsay and F. A. Le Noble. 2002. Hypoxia induces aortic hypertrophic growth, left ventricular dysfunction, and sympathetic hyperinnervation of peripheral arteries in the chick embryo. Circulation 105(23):2791-2796 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000017497.47084.06
- Ruijtenbeek, K., L. C. Kessels, J. G. De Mey and C. E. Blanco. 2003. Chronic moderate hypoxia and protein malnutrition both induce growth retardation, but have distinct effects on arterial endothelium-dependent reactivity in the chicken embryo. Pediatr. Res. 53(4):573-579 https://doi.org/10.1203/01.PDR.0000055770.07236.98
- Ruijtenbeek, K., F. A. le Noble, G. M. Janssen, C. G. Kessels, G. E. Fazzi, C. E. Blanco and J. G. De Mey. 2000. Chronic hypoxia stimulates periarterial sympathetic nerve development in chicken embryo. Circulation 102(23):2892-2897 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.102.23.2892
- Stock, M. K. and J. Metcalfe. 1987. Modulation of growth and metabolism of the chick embryo by a brief (72-h) change in oxygen availability. J. Exp. Zool. Suppl 1:351-356
- Strick, D. M., R. L. Waycaster, J. P. Montani, W. J. Gay and T. H. Adair. 1991. Morphometric measurements of chorioallantoic membrane vascularity: effects of hypoxia and hyperoxia. Am. J. Physiol. 260(4 Pt 2):H1385-389
- Villamor, E., C. G. Kessels, K. Ruijtenbeek, R. J. van Suylen, J. Belik, J. G. de Mey and C. E. Blanco. 2004. Chronic in ovo hypoxia decreases pulmonary arterial contractile reactivity and induces biventricular cardiac enlargement in the chicken embryo. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 287(3): R642-651 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005155
- Wangensteen, O. D., H. Rahn, R. R. Burton and A. H. Smith. 1974. Respiratory gas exchange of high altitude adapted chick embryos. Respir. Physiol. 21(1):61-70 https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-5687(74)90007-3
- Wu, Ch. X., H. Zhang and X. Gou. 2005. Automatization Hypoxia Simulation hatching. China Patent, ZL200420066829.3, Beijing
- Xu, L. J. and J. P. Mortola. 1989. Effects of hypoxia or hyperoxia on the lung of the chick embryo. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmaco. l 67(5):515-519 https://doi.org/10.1139/y89-081
- YC, K. 1993. Physiological effects of hypoxia on metabolism and growth of turtle embryos. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 92(2):127-138 https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-5687(93)90033-7
- Yu Jimian and Endong Bao. 2008. Effect of acute heat stress on heat shock protein 70 and its corresponding mRNA expression in the heart, liver, and kidney of broils. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 21(8):1116-1126
- Zhang Hao. 2005. Physiological mechanism of adaptability to highland hypoxia and utilizing by crossing in tibetan chicken. Ph.D. Thesis, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China