The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea (한국음향학회지)

The Acoustical Society of Korea (한국음향학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

MPEG-4 ALS - The Standard for Lossless Audio Coding

  • Published : 2009.10.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The MPEG-4 Audio Lossless Coding (ALS) standard belongs to the family MPEG-4 audio coding standards. In contrast to lossy codecs such as AAC, which merely strive to preserve the subjective audio quality, lossless coding preserves every single bit of the original audio data. The ALS core codec is based on forward-adaptive linear prediction, which combines remarkable compression with low complexity. Additional features include long-term prediction, multichannel coding, and compression of floating-point audio material. This paper describes the basic elements of the ALS codec with a focus on prediction, entropy coding, and related tools and points out the most important applications of this standardized lossless audio format.

Keywords

References

  1. ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005, "lnformation technology - Coding of audio-visual objects - Part 3: Audio," lnternational Standards Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005
  2. ISO/IEC 14496-3: 2005/Amd.2: 2006, InformatIon technology- Coding of audio-visual objects - Part 3: Audio, Amendment 2: Audio Lossless Coding (ALS), new audio profiles and BSAC extensions, International Standards Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006
  3. ISO/IEC 14496-5: 2001/Amd.10: 2007, Information technology - Coding of audio-visual objects - Part 5: Reference Sofware, Amendment 10: SSC, DST, ALS and SLS reference software, International Standards Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007, ALS reference software available at http://www.nue.tu-berlin.de
  4. ISO/IEC 14496-5: 2001/Amd.10: 2007, Information technology - Coding of audio-visual objects - Part 5: Reference Sofware, Amendment 10: SSC, DST, ALS and SLS reference software, International Standards Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007, ALS reference software available at http://www.nue.tu-berlin.de
  5. ISO/IEC 14496-4: 2004/Amd.19: 2007, Information technology- Coding of audio-visual objects - Part 5: Conformance Testing, Amendment 19: Audio Lossless Coding (ALS), Inter-national Standards Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007
  6. ISO/IEC 14496-3: 2009, Information technology - Coding of audio-visual objects - Part 3: Audio $(4^{th}$ Edition), Inter-national Standards Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2009
  7. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (MPEG), ISO/IEC 14496-3:200x/PDAM 2, ALS Simple Profile and Transport of SAOC, Doc. N10826, London, UK, July 2009
  8. T. Liebchen, T. Moriya, N. Harada, Y. Kamamoto, and Y. Reznik, "The MPEG-4 Audio Lossless Coding (ALS) Standard - Technology and Applications," 119th AES Convention, New York, USA, 2005
  9. W. B. Kleijn and K. K. Paliwal, Speech Coding and Synthesis, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1995
  10. T. Robinson, "SHORTEN: Simple lossless and near-lossless waveform compression," Technical report CUED/F-INFENG/TR.156, Cambridge University Engineering Department, 1994
  11. A. A. M. L. Bruekers, A. W. J. Oomen, R. J. van der Vleuten, and L. M. van de Kerkhof, “Lossless Coding for DVD Audio,” 101st AES Convention, Los Angeles, 1996
  12. FLAC - Free Lossless Audio Codec, http://flac.sourceforge.net
  13. E. Janssen and D. Reefman, “Super Audio CD: An Intro-duction,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, July 2003 https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2003.1226728
  14. G.-O. Glentis, K. Berberidis, and S. Theodoridis, "Efficient Least Squares Adaptive Algorithms For FIR Filtering," IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, July 1999 https://doi.org/10.1109/79.774932
  15. G. Schuller, B. Yu, and D. Huang, "Lossless Coding of Audio Signals Using Cascaded Prediction," Proc. IEEE ICASSP 2001, Salt Lake City, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2001.940357
  16. R. Yu and C. C. Ko, "Lossless Compression of Digital Audio Using Cascaded RLS-LMS Prediction," IEEE Trans. Speech and Audio Processing, July 2004 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSA.2003.818111
  17. N. S. Jayant and P. Noll, Digital Coding of Waveforms, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1984
  18. T. Moriya, D. Yang, and T. Liebchen, "A Design of Lossless Compression for High-Quality Audio Signals," International Congress on Acoustics, Kyoto, Japan, 2004
  19. T. Moriya, D. Yang, and T. Liebchen, "Extended Linear Pre-diction Tools for Lossless Audio Coding," Proc. IEEE ICASSP, Montreal, Canada, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2004.1326718
  20. Y. Kamamoto, N. Harada, and T. Moriya, "A Multichannel Linear Prediction Method for the MPEG-4 ALS Compliant Encoder," Proc. IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics, New Paltz, NY, USA, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1109/ASPAA.2007.4393008
  21. Y. Kamamoto, N. Harada, and T. Moriya, “Multichannel Linear Prediction Method Compliant with the MPEG-4 ALS”, IEICE Trans. on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences, vol. E91-A, March 2008 https://doi.org/10.1093/ietfec/e91-a.3.756
  22. T. Liebchen and Y. Reznik, "MPEG-4 ALS: An Emerging Standard for Lossless Audio Coding," Data Compression Con-ference, Snowbird, USA, 2004
  23. Y. Reznik, “Coding of Prediction Residual in MPEG-4 Standard for Lossless Audio Coding (MPEG-4 ALS),” Proc. IEEE ICASSP, Montreal, Canada, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2004.1326722
  24. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (MPEG), Verification Report on MPEG-4 ALS, Doc. N7686, Nice, France, October 2005, available at http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/working_documents/mpeg-04/audio/als_vt.zip
  25. T. Moriya and N. Harada and Y. Kamamoto, “An enhanced encoder for the MPEG-4 ALS Lossless Coding standard,” 121st AES Convention, San Francisco, 2006
  26. N. Harada, T. Moriya, and Y. Kamamoto, "An implementation of MPEG-4 ALS standard compliant decoder on ARM core CPUs," 125th AES Convention, San Francisco, 2008
  27. N. Harada, T. Moriya, H. Sekigawa, and K. Shirayanagi, "Lossless Compression of IEEE Floating-Point Audio Using Approximate-Common-Factor Coding," 118th AES Convention, Barcelona, Spain, 2005
  28. Y. Kamamoto, N. Harada, and T. Moriya, "Interchannel Depen-dency Analysis of Biomedical Signals for Efficient Lossless Compression by MPEG-4 ALS," Proc. IEEE ICASSP, Las Vegas, USA, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2008.4517673