품질경영학회지 (Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management)

  • 제36권2호
  • /
  • Pages.67-84
  • /
  • 2008
  • /
  • 1229-1889(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2287-9005(eISSN)
한국품질경영학회 (Korean Society for Quality Management)
권호 표지

구두 형식의 전자적 브레인 스토밍이 인지적 자극에 미치는 영향에 대한 실증적 연구

Empirical Validation for Verbal- EBS Effect to Cognitive Stimulation

  • 김정욱 (세종대학교 경영학과) ;
  • 정종호 (캘리포니아 주립대학교 경영학과)
  • Kim, Jeong-Wook (Department of Business Administration, Sejong University) ;
  • Jeong, Jong-Ho (Craig School of Business California State University at Fresno)
  • 발행 : 2008.06.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Given the industry's unprecedented attention and dedication of resources to voice recognition, this paper introduces and explores a novel idea generation technique whereby ideas are captured directly through verbalization rather than forcing group members to type ideas. A group simulator was used to measure the idea generation performance of individuals who input ideas verbally or via typing in the context of nominal and interacting groups. The results clearly indicate that verbal input represents a more desirable mechanism in a computer-mediated idea generation environment. Liberating group members from the keyboard produces remarkable performance gains. Verbalizing ideas helps individuals focus on analytical thinking and leverage group member ideas, ultimately facilitating the creation of ideas pools that are vastly superior in terms of quantity and quality. These effects were found across nominal and interacting groups. The implications of these results for future research and the design of technologies are discussed.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Bailey, R. W.(2000), Human interaction speeds, , visited June 2005
  2. Barki, H., A. Pinsonneault.(2001), 'Small group brainstorming and idea quality: Is electronic brainstorming the most effective approach?' Small Group Research, Vol. 32, No. 2 pp. 158-205 https://doi.org/10.1177/104649640103200203
  3. Biber, D.(1988), Variation across speech and writing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge MA
  4. Bond, C. F., L. J. Titus.(1983), 'Social facilitation: A meta-analysis of 241 studies,' Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 2 pp. 265-292 https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.94.2.265
  5. Briggs, R. O., J. F. Nunamaker, R. H. Sprague. (1997/1998), '1001 unanswered research questions in GSS,' Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 3-21 https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.1998.11518182
  6. Brown, B., P. B. Paulus.(1996), 'A simple dynamic model of social factors in group brainstorming,' Small Group Research, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 91-114 https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496496271005
  7. Brown, B., M. Tumeo, T. S. Larey, P. B. Paulus. (1998), 'Modeling cognitive interactions during group brainstorming,' Small Group Research, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 495-526 https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496498294005
  8. Chafe, W. L. (1982), Integration and involvement in speaking, writing, and oral literature. D. Tannen, ed.. Spoken and Written Language: Exploring Orality and Literacy, Ablex Publishing Corporation, Norwood, NJ
  9. Chomsky, N.(1957), Syntactic structures, Mouton & Co, The Hague, Netherlands
  10. Chomsky, N.(1965), Aspects of the theory of syntax, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
  11. Chun, M. M., J. M. Wolfe.(2001), Visual attention. In E. B. Goldstein (Ed.), Blackwell Handbook of Perception, Blackwell, Oxford, England
  12. Connolly, T., L.M. Jessup, J.S. Valacich.(1990), 'Effects of anonymity and evaluative tone on idea generation in computer-mediated groups,' Management Science, Vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 689-703 https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.36.6.689
  13. Connolly, T., R.L. Routhieaux, S.K. Schneider. (1993), 'On the effectiveness of group brainstorming test of one underlying cognitive mechanism,' Small Group Research, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 490-503 https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496493244004
  14. Dalkey, N.(1969), The delphi method: An experimental study of group opinion, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA
  15. Davis, F. D., R.P. Bagozzi, P.R. Warshaw.(1989), 'User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models,)' Management Science, Vol. 35, No. 8, pp. 982-1003 https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.35.8.982
  16. Dennis, A. R., J.E. Aronson, W.G. Heninger, & E. Walker II.(1999), 'Structuring TIme and Task in Electronic Brainstorming,' MIS Quarterly Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 95-108 https://doi.org/10.2307/249411
  17. Dennis, A. R., J.S. Valacich.(1993), 'Computer brainstorms: More heads are better than one,' Journal of Applied Psychology Vol. 78, No. 4, pp. 531-537 https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.531
  18. Dennis, A. R., J.S. Valacich.(1999a), 'Electronic brainstorming: Illusions and patterns of productivity,' Information Systems Research, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 375-377 https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.10.4.375
  19. Dennis, A. R., J.S. Valacich, T. Carte, M. Garfield, B. Haley, J. Aronson.(1997), 'The effectiveness of multiple dialogs in electronic brainstorming', Information Systems Research Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 196-211 https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.8.2.196
  20. Dennis, A. R., J.S. Valacich, T. Connolly, B.E. Wynne.(1996), 'Process structuring in electronic brainstorming,' Information Systems Research Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 268-277 https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.7.2.268
  21. Dennis, A.R., J.S. Valacich, J.F. Nunamaker. (1990), 'An experimental investigation of the effects of group size in an electronic meeting environment,' IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 1049-1057
  22. Dennis, A. R., M.L. Williams.(2003), Electronic brainstorming: Theory, research and future directions. P.B. Paulus, B. A. Nijstad, eds, Group creativity: Innovation through collaboration, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, 160-178
  23. Diehl, M., W. Stroebe.(1987), 'Productivity loss in brainstorming groups: Toward the solution of riddle,' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 497-509 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.3.497
  24. Diener, E.(1980), Deindividuation: The absence of self-awareness and self-regulation in group members, In P. B. Paulus (Ed.), Psychology of group influence (pp. 209-242). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
  25. Dugosh, K. L., P.B. Paulus, E.J. Roland, H. Yang.(2000), 'Cognitive stimulation in brainstorming,' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 79, No. 5, pp. 722-735 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.722
  26. Gallupe, R. B., L.M. Bastianutti, W.H. Cooper. (1991) 'Unblocking Brainstorms,' Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 76, NO. 1, pp. 137-142 https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.1.137
  27. Gallupe, B.R., W.H. Cooper, M. Grise, L.M. Bastianutti.(1994), 'Blocking electronic brainstorms,' Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 77-86 https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.1.77
  28. Gallupe, R. B., A.R. Dennis, W.H. Cooper, J.S. Valacich, L.M. Bastianutti, J.F. Nunamaker. (1992), 'Electronic brainstorming and group size,' Academy of Management Journal Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 350-369 https://doi.org/10.2307/256377
  29. Gallupe, R. B., G. DeSanctis, G.W. Dickson. (1988), 'The impact of computer support on group problem finding: An experimental approach,' MIS Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 276-296
  30. Garfield, M.J., N.J. Taylor, A.R. Dennis, J.W. Satzinger.(2001), 'Research report: Modifying paradigms - individual differences, creativity, techniques, and exposure to ideas in group idea generation,' Information Systems Research, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 322-333 https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.12.3.322.9710
  31. Gray, P., M. Mandviwalla, L. Olfman, J. Satzinger.(1993), The user interface in group support systems. L. M. Jessup, J. S. Valacich, eds. Group Support Systems: New Perspectives, Macmillan, New York, 192-213
  32. Halliday, M.A.K.(1989), Spoken and written language, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford
  33. Herschel, R. T., T.B. Cooper, L.F. Smith, L. Arrington.(1994), 'Exploring numerical proportions in a unique context: The group support systems meeting environment,' Sex Roles, Vol. 31, No. 7, pp. 99-123 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01560279
  34. Hilmer, K.M. A.R. Dennis.(2001), 'Stimulating thinking: Cultivating better decisions with groupware through categorization,' Journal of management Information Systems, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 93-114
  35. Hiltz, S.R., K. Johnson, M. Turoff.(1987), 'Experiments in group decision making: Communication process and outcome in face-to-face versus computerized conferences,' Human Communication Research, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 225-252 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1986.tb00104.x
  36. Hirst, W., E.S. Spelke, C.C. Reaves, G. Caharack, U. Neisser.(1980), 'Dividing attention without alternation or automaticity,' Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol. 109, No. 1, pp. 98-117 https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.109.1.98
  37. Hollingshead, A. B., J.E. McGrath, K.M. O'connor. (1993), 'Group performance and communication technology: A longitudinal study of computermediated versus face-to-face work groups,' Small Group Research , Vol. 24, No.3, pp. 307-333 https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496493243003
  38. Horowitz, M.W., A. Berkowski.(1964), 'Structural advantage of the mechanism of spoken expression as a factor in differences in spoken and written expression,' Perceptual and Motor Skills, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 619-625 https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1964.19.2.619
  39. Horowitz, M.W., A. Berkowski.(1967), 'Listening and reading, speaking and writing: An experimental investigation of differential acquisition and reproduction of memory,' Perceptual and Motor Skills, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 207-215 https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1967.24.1.207
  40. Horowitz, M.W., J.B. Newman.(1964), 'Spoken and written expression: An experimental analysis,' Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology Vol. 68, No. 6, pp. 640-647 https://doi.org/10.1037/h0048589
  41. Jahandarie, K.(1999), Spoken and written discourses: A multi-disciplinary perspective, Ablex Publishing Corporation, Stamford, CT
  42. Jessup, L. M., T. Connolly, J. Galegher.(1990) 'The effects of anonymity on GDSS group process with an idea-generating task,' MIS Quarterly Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 313-321 https://doi.org/10.2307/248893
  43. Jessup, L.M., D.A. Tansik.(1991), 'Group decision making in an automated environment: The effects of anonymity and proximity with a group decision support system,' Decision Science, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 266-279 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1991.tb00346.x
  44. Kerr, N.L.(1983), 'Motivation Losses in Small Groups: A Social Dilemma Analysis,' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 819-828 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.4.819
  45. Kiesler, S., L.S. Sproull.(1986), 'Response effects in the electronic survey,' Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 402-413 https://doi.org/10.1086/268992
  46. Klein, E. E., D.G. Dologite.(2000), 'The role of computer support tools and gender composition in innovative information system idea generation by small groups,' Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 111-139 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00013-3
  47. Kramer, T. J., G.P. Fleming, S.M. Mannis.(2001), 'Improving face-to-face brainstorming through modeling and facilitation,' Small Group Research Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 533-557 https://doi.org/10.1177/104649640103200502
  48. Lamm, H., G. Trommsdorff.(1973), 'Group versus individual performance on tasks requiring ideational proficiency (brainstorming):A review,' European Journal of Social Psychology Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 361-387 https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420030402
  49. Mandel, T.(1997), The elements of user interface design, John Wiley & Sons, New York
  50. Matlin, M. W.(2003), Cognition, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ
  51. McGrath, J. E.(1984), Groups: Interaction and Performance, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
  52. Miller, G.(1962), 'Some psychological studies of grammar,' American Psychologist, Vol. 17, No. 11, pp. 748-762 https://doi.org/10.1037/h0044708
  53. Miller, G., K. McKean.(1964), 'A chronometric study of some relations between sentences,' Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 297-308 https://doi.org/10.1080/17470216408416385
  54. Moran, T. P.(1981), 'The command language grammar: A representation for the user interface of interactive computer systems,' International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 3-50 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7373(81)80022-3
  55. Mullen, B., C. Johnson, E. Salas.(1991), 'Productivity loss in brainstorming groups: A meta-analytic integration,' Basic and Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 3-23 https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1201_1
  56. Nunamaker, J.F., A.R. Dennis, J.S. Valacich, D.R. Vogel, J.F. George.(1991), 'Electronic Meeting Systems to Support Group Work,' Communications of the ACM, Vol. 34, No. 7, pp. 40-61
  57. Obler, L. K., D. Fein, M. Nicholas, M.L. Albert. (1991,) 'Auditory comprehension and aging: Decline in syntactic processing,' Applied Psycholinguistics Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 433-452 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716400005865
  58. Ong, W. J.(1986), Writing is a technology that restructures thought. G. Baumann, ed. The written word: Literacy in transition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, 23-50
  59. Osborn, A.F.(1957), Applied imagination, Revised ed. Scribner, New York
  60. Parks, C. D., L.J. Sanna. (1999), Group performance and interaction, Westview Press
  61. Paulus, P. B., M.T. Dzindolet.(1993), 'Social influence processes in group brainstorming,' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol. 64, No. 4, pp. 575-586 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.575
  62. Paulus, P. B., T.S. Larey, A.H. Ortega.(1995), 'Performance and perceptions of brainstormers in an organizational setting,' Basic and Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 17, No. 1&2, pp. 249-265 https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1701&2_15
  63. Pinker, S.(1994), The language instinct: How the mind creates language, Harper Collins, New York
  64. Pinsonneault, A., H. Barki, R.B. Gallupe, N. Hoppen.(1999), 'Electronic brainstorming: The illusion of productivity,' Information Systems Research, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 110-133 https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.10.2.110
  65. Putman, V. L.(2001), Effects of additional rules and dominance on brainstorming and decision making, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Texas, Arlington
  66. Rayner, K.(1998), 'Eye movements in reading and information processing: Twenty years of research,' Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 124, No.3, pp. 372-422 https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372
  67. Rebman, C. M., M.W. Aiken, C.G. Cegieski. (2003), 'Speech recognition in the human-computer interface,' Information & Management, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 509-519 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(02)00067-8
  68. Siegel, J., V. Dubrovsky, S. Kiesler, T.W. McGuire.(1986), 'Group processes in computermediated communication,' Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 157-187 https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(86)90050-6
  69. Sosik, J.J., B.J. Avolio, S.S. Kahai.(1997), 'Effects of leadership style and anonymity on group potency and effectiveness in a group decision support system environment,' Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 89-103 https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.1.89
  70. Sosik, J.J., B.J. Avolio, S.S. Kahai.(1998), 'Inspiring group creativity: Comparing anonymous and identified electronic brainstorming,' Small Group Research, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 3-31 https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496498291001
  71. Spelke, E., W. Hirst, U. Neisser.(1976), 'Skills of divided attention,' Cognition Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 215-230 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(76)90018-4
  72. Steiner, I. D.(1972), Group Process and Productivity, Academic Press, New York
  73. Straus, S.G.(1996), 'Getting a clue: The effects of communication media and information distribution on participation and performance in computer-mediated and face-to-face groupsm,' Small Group Research, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 115-142 https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496496271006
  74. Straus, S.G., J.E. McGrath.(1994), 'Does the medium matter? The interaction of task type and technology on group performance and member reactions,' Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 87-97 https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.1.87
  75. Stroebe, W., M. Diehl, G. Abakoumkin.(1992), 'The illusion of group effectivity,' Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 643-650 https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292185015
  76. Strunk, W., E.B. White.(2000), The elements of style, 4th ed., Allyn and Bacon, Needham Heights, MA
  77. Svartvik, J.(1966), On voice in the English verb. Mouton & Co, The Hague, Netherlands
  78. Szymanski, K., S.G. Harkins.(1987), 'Social loafing and self-evaluation with a social standard,' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 53, No. 5, pp. 891-897 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.5.891
  79. Valacich, J.S, D. Paranka, J.F. George, J.F. Nunamaker. (1993), 'Communication concurrency and the new media: A new dimension for media richness', Communication Research Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 248-276
  80. Valacich, J.S., A.R. Dennis, T. Connolly.(1994a), 'Idea generation in computer-based groups: A new ending to an old story,' Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 448-467 https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1994.1024
  81. Valacich, J. S., J.F. George, J. F. Nunamaker, D.R. Vogel.(1994b), 'Physical proximity effects on computer-mediated group idea generation,' Small Group Research, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp 83-104 https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496494251006
  82. Van de Ven, A. A.L. Delbecq.(1971), 'Nominal versus interacting group processes for committee decision-making effectiveness,' Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 203-212 https://doi.org/10.2307/255307
  83. Van de Ven, A. A.L. Delbecq.(1974), 'The effectiveness of nominal, Delphi, and interacting group decision making processes,' Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 605-621 https://doi.org/10.2307/255641
  84. Venkatesh, V.(2000), 'Determinants of perceived ease of use: Integrating control, intrinsic motivation, and emotion into the technology acceptancee model,' Information Systems Research, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 342-365 https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.11.4.342.11872
  85. Walther, J.B.(1995), 'Relational aspects of computer-mediated communication: Experimental observations over time,' Organization Science, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 186-203 https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.6.2.186
  86. Webster, J., J.J. Martocchio.(1992), 'Microcomputer Playfulness: Development of a Measure With Workplace Implications,' MIS Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 201-226 https://doi.org/10.2307/249576
  87. Wheeler, B. C., J.S. Valacich.(1996), 'Facilitation, GSS, and training as sources of process restrictiveness and guidance for structured group decision making: An empirical assessment,' Information Systems Research Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 429-450 https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.7.4.429
  88. Williams, E.(1977), 'Experimental Comparisons of face-to-face and mediated communication: A review,' Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 84, No. 5, pp. 963-976 https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.84.5.963
  89. Williams, K. D., S.J. Karau.(1991), 'Social loafing and social compensation: The effects of expectations of coworker performance,' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(4) 570-581 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.4.570