Phytic Acid Protects the Formation of Colonic Aberrant Crypt Foci Induced by Azoxymethane in Male F344 Rats

랫드에서 azoxymethane으로 유도된 대장 전암병변에 대한 피티산의 방어 효과

  • Hue, Jin-Joo (College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Lee, Yea-Eun (College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Lee, Ki-Nam (College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Nam, Sang-Yoon (College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Ahn, Byeong-Woo (College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Yun, Young-Won (College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Lee, Beom-Jun (College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University)
  • 허진주 (충북대학교 수의과대학 및 동물의학연구소) ;
  • 이예은 (충북대학교 수의과대학 및 동물의학연구소) ;
  • 이기남 (충북대학교 수의과대학 및 동물의학연구소) ;
  • 남상윤 (충북대학교 수의과대학 및 동물의학연구소) ;
  • 안병우 (충북대학교 수의과대학 및 동물의학연구소) ;
  • 윤영원 (충북대학교 수의과대학 및 동물의학연구소) ;
  • 이범준 (충북대학교 수의과대학 및 동물의학연구소)
  • Published : 2008.09.30

Abstract

Phytic acid(PA) (Inositol hexaphosphate, $IP_6$) is a naturally occurring polyphosphorylated carbohydrate that is present in substantial amounts in almost all plants and mammalian cells. Recently PA has received much attention for its role in anticancer activity. In the present study, the preventive effects of PA on colon carcinogenesis were investigated. Six-week old Fisher 344 male rats were fed a AIN-93G purified diet and PA(0.5% or 2% PA in water) for 8 weeks. The animals received two ($1^{st}\;and\;2^{nd}$ week) injections of azoxymethane(AOM, 15 mg/kg b.w.) to induce colonic aberrant crypt foci(ACF). After sacrifice, the total numbers of aberrant crypts(AC) and ACF in colonic mucosa were examined after staining with methylene blue. Blood and serum were analyzed with a blood cell differential counter and an automatic serum analyzer. AOM induced the total numbers of $142.3{\pm}22.3$ ACF/colon and $336.6{\pm}55.1$ AC/colon. PA at the doses of 0.5 and 2% decreased the numbers of ACF and AC/colon in a dose-dependent manner. The numbers of ACF/colon and AC/colon by PA at the dose of 0.5% were $124.4{\pm}28.5\;and\;302.7{\pm}67.3$, respectively. PA at the dose of 2% significantly decreased the ACF and AC numbers to $109{\pm}18.1\;and\;254.8{\pm}50.6$, respectively(p<0.01). Especially, 2% PA significantly reduced the number of large ACF(${\geq}4$ AC/ACF) from $26.8{\pm}6.2$ ACF/colon to $15{\pm}6.7$ ACF/colon(p<0.01). Although some parameters in blood counts and serum chemistry were changed compared with the control, no specific toxicity was found. These findings suggest that phytic acid can be a chemopreventive agent for colon carcinogenesis resulting from inhibition of the development of ACF in the F344 rat.

대장암은 국민경제 수준의 향상과 식생활의 서구화에 따라 급격하게 증가하여, 등록환자 기준으로 2005년 현재 위암에 이어 두 번째로 많은 상태이다. 특히 육류에 많이 함유된 철분 및 지방의 과다섭취가 주요원인으로 여겨지고 있다. Phytic acid(PA) (Inositol hexaphosphate, IP6)는 식물의 박류, 콩류 등에 약 0.1-5% 농도로 존재하며, 포유류의 세포에서도 존재한다. PA는 금속이온과 결합하는 성질을 갖고 있어서, hydroxyl radical과 같은 활성산소종의 형성을 억제하여 항산화 작용을 나타낸다. 본 연구에서는 PA가 대장암 발생의 전암병변인 aberrant crypt faci(ACF) 의 발생을 억제하는지를 조사하고자 수컷 F344 랫드를 사용하였다. Azoxymethane(AOM)을 실험시작 1주 및 2번째 주에 투여함으로 ACF를 유발하였고, 실험기간은 8주로서 AIN-93G 사료급여와 동시에 음수로서 0.5%와 2% PA를 급여하였다. 부검 후, 혈액검사와 대장암 발생의 초기단계인 ACF를 측정하였다. 결과로서 AOM 투여 대조군과 비교해 볼 때 PA의 농도가 증가함에 따라 ACF와 aberrant crypt(AC)의 수가 감소하였고, 2% PA는 유의적으로 ACF와 AC의 수를 감소시켰으며, 더욱이 4개 이상 AC를 갖는 ACF의 수를 유의적으로 감소시켰다. 또한 혈액 생화학적 수치에서 어느 정도 유의적 변화가 나타났지만 정상범위내에서의 변화로서 인정될 수 있을 것이다. 본 실험에서 이러한 결과는 phytic acid가 대장암 발생과정에 전암병변의 형성을 억제함으로서 최종 대장암발생에 억제효과를 나타낼 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Jemal, A., Siegel, R., Murray, T. and Ward, E. Cancer statistics 2006. CA Cancer J. Clin., 56, 106-130 (2006) https://doi.org/10.3322/canjclin.56.2.106
  2. Korea National Statistical Office. Death and cause of death statistics 2006. http://www.nso.go.kr/
  3. Greenwald, P., Lanza, E. and Eddy, G.A. Dietary fiber in the reduction of colon cancer risk. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 87, 1178-1188 (1987)
  4. Rodrigo L, Riestra S. Diet and colon cancer. Rev. Esp. Enferm. Dig., 99, 183-189 (2007)
  5. Graf, E. and Eaton, J.W. Suppression of colonic cancer by dietary phytic acid. Nutr. Cancer, 19, 11-19 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1080/01635589309514232
  6. Shamsuddin, A.M., Vucenik, I. and Cole, K.E. IP6: a novel anti-cancer agent. Life Sci., 61, 343-354 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(97)00092-1
  7. Midorikawa, K., Murata, M., Oikawa, S., Hiraku, Y. and Kawanishi, S. Protective effect of phytic aicd on oxidative DNA damage with reference to cancer chemoprevention. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 288, 552-557 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2001.5808
  8. Shamsuddin, A.M. Phytate and colon-cancer risk. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 55, 478-481 (1992)
  9. Zhang, Z., Song, Y. and Wang, X.L. Inositol hexaphosphateinduced enhancement of natural killer cell activity correlates with suppression of colon carcinogenesis in rats. World J. Gastroenterol., 11, 5044-5046 (2005) https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v11.i32.5044
  10. El-Sherbiny, Y.M., Cox, M.C., Ismail, Z.A., Shamsuddin, A.M. and Vucenik, I. G0/G1 arrest and S phase inhibition of human cancer cell lines by inositol hexaphosphate (IP6). Anticancer Res., 21, 2393-2403 (2001)
  11. Saied, I..T. and Shamsuddin, A.M. Up-regulation of the tumor in HT-29 human colon carcinoma cell line. Anticancer Res., 8, 1479-1484 (1998)
  12. Guyton, K.Z. and Kensler, T.W. Oxidative mechanisms in carcinogenesis. Br. Med. Bull., 49, 523-544 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072628
  13. Klauning, J.E., Xu, Y., Isenberg, J.S., Bachowski, S., Kolaja, K.L., Jiang, J., Stevenson, D.E. and Walborg, E.F. Jr. The role of oxidative stress in chemical carcinogenesis. Environ. Health Perspect., 106, 289-295 (1998) https://doi.org/10.2307/3433929
  14. Bird, R.P.Observation and quantification of aberrant crypts in the murine colon treated with a colon carcinogen: preliminary findings. Cancer Lett., 137,147-151 (1987)
  15. Cheng, L. and Lai, M.D. Aberrant crypt foci and colorectal cancer. World J. Gastroenterol., 9, 2642-2649 (2003) https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v9.i12.2642
  16. McLellan, E.A. and Bird, R.P. Aberrant crypts: potential preneoplastic lessions in the murine colon. Cancer Res., 48, 6187-6192 (1988)
  17. Challa, A., Rao, D.R. and Reddy, B.S. Interactive suppression of aberrant crypt foci induced by azoxymethane in rat colon by phytic acid and green tea. Carcinogenesis, 18, 2023-2026 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/18.10.2023
  18. Pretlow, T.P., O'Riordan, M.A., Somich, G.A., Amini, S.B. and Pretlow, T.G. Aberrant crypts correlate with tumor incidence in F344 rats treated with azoxymethane and phytate. Carcinogenesis, 13, 1509-1512 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/13.9.1509
  19. Shamsuddin, A.M., Ullah, A. and Chakravarthy, A.K. Inositol and inositol hexaphosphate suppress cell proliferation and tumor formation in CD-1 mice. Carcinogenesis, 10, 1461-1463 (1989) https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/10.8.1461
  20. Khatiwada, J., Verghese, M., Walker, L.T., Shackelford, L., Chawan, C.B. and Sunkara, R. Combination of green tea, phytic acid, and inositol reduced the incidence of azoxymethane-induced colon tumors in Fisher 344 male rats. LWT-Food Sci. Technol., 39, 1080-1086 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2005.07.018
  21. Ullah, A. and Shamsuddin, A.M. Dose-dependent inhibition of large intestinal cancer by inositol hexaphosphate in F344 rats. Carcinogenesis, 11, 2219-2222 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/11.12.2219
  22. Baten, A., Ullah, A., Tomazic, V.J. and Shamsuddin, A.M. Inositol-phosphate-induced enhancement of natural killer cell activity correlates with tumor suppression. Carcinogenesis, 10, 1595-1598 (1989) https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/10.9.1595
  23. Dong, Z., Huang, C. and Ma, W.Y. PI-3 kinase in signal transduction, cell transformation, and as a target for chemoprevention of cancer. Anticancer Res., 19, 3743-3747 (1999)
  24. Huang, C., Ma, W.Y., Hecht, S.S. and Dong, Z. Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits cell transformation and activator protein 1 activation by targeting phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase. Cancer Res., 57, 2873-2878 (1997)
  25. Graf, E., Empson, K.L. and Eaton, J.W. Phytic acid. A natural antioxidant. J. Biol. Chem., 25, 11647-11650 (1987)
  26. Raboy, V. Seeds for a better future: 'low phytate' grains help to overcome malnutrition and reduce pollution. Trends Plant Sci. 6, 458-462 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(01)02104-5
  27. Nelson, R.L., Yoo, S.J., Tanure, J.C., Andrianopoulos, G. and Misumi, A. The effect of iron on experimental colorectal carcinogenesis. Anticancer Res., 9, 1477-82 (1989)
  28. Liu, Z., Tomotake, H., Wan, G., Watanabe, H. and Kato, N. Combined effect of dietary calcium and iron on colonic aberrant crypt foci, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and fecal bile acids in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-treated rats. Oncol. Rep., 8, 893-897 (2001)
  29. Davis, C.D. and Feng, Y. Dietary copper, manganese and iron affect the formation of aberrant crypts in colon of rats administered 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl. J. Nutr., 129, 1060-1067 (1999)
  30. Wurezelmann JI, Silver A, Schreinemachers DM, Sandler RS, Everson RB. Iron intake and the risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 5, 503-507 (1996)
  31. Dypbukt, J.M., Ankarcrona, M., Burkitt, M., Sjoholm, A., Strom, K., Orrenius, S. and Nicotera, P. Different prooxidant levels stimulate growth, trigger apoptosis, or produce necrosis of insulin-secreting RINm5F cells. The role of intracellular polyamines. J. Biol. Chem., 269, 30553-30560 (1994)