한국조경학회지 (Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture)

  • 제36권3호
  • /
  • Pages.21-28
  • /
  • 2008
  • /
  • 1225-1755(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2288-9566(eISSN)
한국조경학회 (The Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture)
권호 표지

골프장 그린에서 토섬별 유기물의 경시적 변화

Organic Matter Dynamics on Golf Course Greens

  • 허근영 (진주산업대학교 조경학과) ;
  • 고병구 (농업과학기술원 환경생태과)
  • Huh, Keun-Young (Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Jinju National University) ;
  • Ko, Byong-Gu (Environment and Ecology Division, National Institute of Agricultural and Science Technology)
  • 발행 : 2008.08.31
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

토양 유기물 관리는 골프장 그린 관리 중 핵심적인 요소이다. 골프장 그린의 유기물에 대한 지속적인 관리를 연구하는 중요한 프로젝트의 일환으로서, 우리는 동일한 근권부 조성과 관리 하에서 유지되고 있는 서로 다른 조성 시기의 그린들에서 토양 유기물의 상태를 비교하였다. 그리고 그 토양 미생물 활성, 잔디 분얼경수, 용적밀도, 수분함량, pH, EC, 그리고 총질소를 측정하였다. 토심 0${\sim}$5cm에서 토양 유기물 집적은 그린들 간에 유의차를 보이지 않았다. 토심 5cm 이하에서 SOM은 그린들 간에 강한 유의차를 보였고, 경과 연수와 정(+)의 상관을 가졌고 토심과 음(-)의 상관을 가졌다. 토심 5${\sim}$25cm 단층부에서는 시간 경과와 토섬에 따른 SOM의 집적을 예측하기 위해서 회귀 분석한 결과에서 그린의 경과 연수가 증가함에 따라서 유기물 함량이 0.061% year$^{-1}$로 증가하고， 토심이 깊어질수록 유기물 함량이 0.079% cm$^{-1}$로 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 경과 연도와 토심에 따른 토양 미생물 활성이 탈수소효소 검정을 이용하여 측정되었다. 결과는 모든 그린들에서 토심에 따라서 급격한 감소를 보였다. 토심 5cm 이하에서 토양 미생물 활성은 그린툴 간에 유의차가 없음을 보였다. 집적된 토심 5cm 이하의 SOM은 장기적으로 분해에 대하여 강한 저항성을 가지는 것으로 보인다. 그린 조성 후 5년부터 용적밀도는 유의성 있는 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 수분함량, Ee, 그리고 총질소는 SOM과 유의성 있는 상관을 가지고 있었다. pH는 시간이 경과하며 낮아졌는데, 이것은 SOM 집적에 영향을 미칠 것이다. 유기물 집적은 pH 저하, 미생물 활성 감소 토양 유기물의 분해 저항성 증가 등에 주요하게 영향을 받았지만, 수분 함량, EC, 총질소에 의한 영향은 분명하지 않았다.

The management of soil organic matter(SOM) is a key component of golf course green maintenance. As part of a major project examining the sustainable management of SOM on golf course greens, the SOM status of different age greens maintained in the same root zone composition and management were compared. Then the microbial activity, tiller number, bulk density, water content, pH, EC, and T-N in the soil were measured. In the 0${\sim}$5cm depth SOM accumulation showed no significant difference between greens. Below 5cm SOM showed a strong significance between greens and had a positive(+) correlation with year and negative(-) correlation with depth. when regression equations were used to predict SOM accumulation with year and depth, SOM below 5cm tended to increase with a rate of 0.061% . year$^{-1}$ and decrease with a rate of 0.079% . $cm^{-1}$(R2==0.841). Soil microbial activity was investigated with age and depth by using a dehydrogenase assay. Results showed a sharp drop with depth in all greens. The soil microbial activity below 5cm showed no difference between greens. The accumulated SOM below 5cm may be very resistant to decomposition in the long-term. Five years after establishment, the bulk density did not significantly change. The water content, EC, and T-N had a significant correlation with SOM. The pH decreased with the year, which may influence SOM accumulation. Organic matter accumulation was mainly affected by the pH decrase，low soil microbial activity, and high organic matter resistant to decomposition, but the effects of water content, EC, and T-N were obscure.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. 농업과학기술원(1980) 토양화학분석법. 토양.식물체.토양미생물. 농촌진흥청
  2. 이상재, 심경구, 허근영(2000) 한국의 골프 코스 그린의 관리 및 스피드 특성과 상관에 관한 연구. 한국조경학회지 28(4): 29-43
  3. 이상재, 허근영(1999) 한국의 골프 코스 그린의 설계 및 시공 특성에 관한 연구. 한국잔디학회지 13(4): 181-190
  4. 이상재, 허근영, 사공영보(2001) 국내 골프 코스에서 시용되는 농약 및 비료의 환경적 영향. 한국잔디학회지 15(2): 87-104
  5. Bhandaranayake, W., Y. L. Qian, W. J. Parton, D. S. Ojima, and R. F. Follett(2003) Estimation of soil organic carbon changes in turfgrass systems using the CENTURY model. Agronomy Journal 95(3): 558-563 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.0558
  6. Bloodworth, M. E., K. W. Brown, J. B. Beard, and S. I. Sifers(1993) A new look at the Texas-USGA specifications for root-zone modification. Grounds Maintenance 28(1): 13-21
  7. Brede, A. D.(1982) Interaction of three turfgrass species. Ph. D. Dissertation. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park
  8. Carrow, R.(1998) Organic matter dynamics in the surface zone of a USGA green: practices to alleviate problems. New Jersey: 1998 Turfgrass and Environmental Research Summary(USGA)
  9. Chandler, K. and P. C. Brooks(1991) Is the dehydrogenase assay invalid as a method to estimate microbial activity in copper contaminated soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 23(10): 909-91 https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(91)90170-O
  10. Edmond, D. B. and S. T. J. Coles(1958) Some long-term effects of fertilizers on a mown turf of browntop and Chewings fescue. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 1: 665-674 https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1958.10431575
  11. Glasgow, A. and B. Christiansen(2003) Thatch management at Mangawhai golf club. New Zealand Turf Management Journal 18(4): 4-6
  12. Glasgow, A. and R. Gibbs(2003) Total organic matter content management. New Zealand Turf Management Journal 18(3): 24-26
  13. Heiri, O., A. F. Lotter, and G. Lemcke(2001) Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results. Journal of Paleolimnology 25: 101-110 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008119611481
  14. Hooker, M.(2006) Effect of pH on sports turf soils. New Zealand Turf Management Journal 21(3): 16-17
  15. Huff, D.(1998) The case for Poa annua on golf course greens. Golf Course Management 66(10): 1-3
  16. Huff, D.(2004) Developing annual bluegrass cultivars for putting greens. Green Section Record 2004 September-October: 12-15
  17. Hummel, N. W.(1993) Rationale for the revisions of the USGA green construction specifications. USGA Green Section Record 31(2): 7-21
  18. Kock, L.(1978) Thatch accumulation by species and cultivars as a result of the application of alkaline and acid fertilizers under Alpine conditions of Rinn. Z. Vegetationstechnik 1: 62-64
  19. Koshy, T. K.(1968) Evolutionary origin of Poa annua L. in the light of karyotypic studies. Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 10: 112-118 https://doi.org/10.1139/g68-015
  20. Ludlow, M. M., G. L. Wilson, and M. R. Heslehurst(1974) Studies on the productivity of tropical pasture plants: Effect of shading on growth, photosynthesis, and respiration in two grasses and two legumes. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 25: 425-433 https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9740425
  21. Lynch, J. M.(1995) Microbial activity in acid soils in plant soil interactions at low pH: principles and management. Dordrecht (Netherland): Kluwer Academic Publishers
  22. Mills, T., B. Arnold, S. Sivakumaran, G. Northcott, I. Vogeler, B. Robinson, C. Norling, and D. Leonil(2006) Phytoremediation and long- term site management of soil contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) and heavy metals. Journal of Environmental Management 79: 232-241 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.07.005
  23. Murphy, J. W., T. R. O. Field, and M. J. Hichey(1993) Age development in sand-based turf. Int. Turfgrass Soc. Res. Journal 7: 464-468
  24. Neylan, J.(2004) Maintenance of Poa annua putting greens and tees. New Zealand Turf Management Journal 19(1): 4-11
  25. O'Brien, P. and C. Hartwiger(2003) Aeration and topdressing for the 21st century. USGA Green Section Record 42(2): 1-7
  26. O'Neil, K. N. and R. N. Carrow(1982) Kentucky bluegrass growth and water use under different soil compaction and irrigation regimes. Agronomy Journal 74: 933-936 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1982.00021962007400060002x
  27. O'Neil, K. N. and R. N. Carrow(1983) Perennial ryegrass growth, water use and soil aeration status under soil compaction. Agronomy Journal 75: 177-180 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1983.00021962007500020005x
  28. Parton, W. J., J. M. O. Schimel, C. V. Cole, D. S. Ojima, T. G. Gilmanov, R. J. Scholes, D. S. Schimel, T. Kirchner, J. C. Menaut, T. Seastedt, E. Garcia Moya, A. Kamnalrut, and J. I. Kinyamario(1993) Observations and modeling of biomass and soil organic matter dynamics for the grassland biome worldwide. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 7: 785-809 https://doi.org/10.1029/93GB02042
  29. Qian, Y. and R. F. Follett(2002) Assessing soil carbon sequestration in turfgrass systems using long-term soil testing data. Agronomy Journal 94: 930-935 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2002.0930
  30. Rist, A. M. and R. E. Gausson(1997) Mowing isn't sole factor affecting ball-roll distance. Golf Course Management 67(6): 49-54
  31. Schmidt, W.(1978) Thatch of formation as affected by fertilizers with acidifying or calcifying action, at the dry trials centre at Giessen. Z. Vegetationstechnik 1: 65-69
  32. Snow, J. T.(1993) USGA explains its new green specifications. Grounds Maintenance 28(1): 21-22
  33. Sprague, H. B. and G. W. Burton(1937) Annual bluegrass(Poa annua L.) and its requirements for growth. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 630: 1-24
  34. Taylor, D. H., C. F. Williams, and S. D. Nelson(1997) Water retention in root-zone soil mixtures of layered profiles used for sports turf. HortScience 32(1): 82-85
  35. Taylor, R., B. Wilson, M. Mills, and R. Burns(2002) Comparison of microbial numbers and enzymatic activities in surface soil and subsoil using various techniques. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 34: 387-401 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00199-7
  36. White, B.(2006) Rebuild or resurface. Green Section Record 2006 January-February: 1-6
  37. Wood, A.(2005) Getting smarter with your thatch control and renovations. New Zealand Turf Management Journal 20(3): 19-21