참고문헌
- Campbell EJ. Respiratory failure. Br Med J 1965;1:1451-60. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5448.1451
- Vincent JL, Akca S, De Mendonca A, Haji-Michael P, Sprung C, Moreno R, et al. The epidemiology of acute respiratory failure in critically ill patients. Chest 2002; 121:1602-9. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.121.5.1602
- Behrendt CE. Acute respiratory failure in the United States: incidence and 31-day survival. Chest 2000;118: 1100-5. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.118.4.1100
- Esteban A, Anzueto A, Frutos F, Alia I, Brochard L, Stewart TE, et al. Characteristics and outcomes in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a 28-day international study. JAMA 2002;287:345-55. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.3.345
- Stauffer JL, Fayter NA, Graves B, Cromb M, Lynch JC, Goebel P. Survival following mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure in adult men. Chest 1993;104: 1222-9. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.104.4.1222
- Vasilyev S, Schaap RN, Mortensen JD. Hospital survival rates of patients with acute respiratory failure in modern respiratory intensive care units: an international, multicenter, prospective survey. Chest 1995;107:1083-8. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.107.4.1083
- Lewandowski K, Metz J, Deutschmann C, Preiss H, Kuhlen R, Artigas A, et al. Incidence, severity, and mortality of acute respiratory failure in Berlin, Germany. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:1121-5.
- Luhr OR, Antonsen K, Karlsson M, Aardal S, Thorsteinsson A, Frostell CG, et al. Incidence and mortality after acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome in Sweden, Denmark, and Iceland. The ARF Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:1849-61. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.159.6.9808136
- Gillespie DJ, Marsh HM, Divertie MB, Meadows JA 3rd. Clinical outcome of respiratory failure in patients requiring prolonged (greater than 24 hours) mechanical ventilation. Chest 1986;90:364-9. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.90.3.364
- Scientific Subcommittee for National Survey of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Disease. The national survey of acute respiratory distress syndrome in Korea. Tuberc Respir Dis 1997;44:25-43. https://doi.org/10.4046/trd.1997.44.1.25
- Chung HK, Chae BK, Chang SH. Clinical survey of patient in intensive care unit from March 1988 to February 1990 in Korea University Haewha Hospital. Korean J Crit Care Med 1991;6:45-51.
- Kim JH, Kim JU, Lee HW, Lim HJ, Chae BK, Shin JS, et al. Clinical survey of patients in intensive care unit from March 1990 to February 1992 in Korea University Anam Hospital. Korean J Crit Care Med 1992;7:121-30.
- Lee JA, Chung SJ, Jin HY. Clinical surveys of patients in intensive care unit. Korean J Crit Care Med 1996;11: 185-190.
- Lee KN, Moon JI, Lee JH, Wee CB. Clinical survey of patients in the general intensive care unit. Korean J Anesthesiol 1991;24:536-46. https://doi.org/10.4097/kjae.1991.24.3.536
- Hwang JH, Kim KY, Cho SK. Clinical survey of patients of intensive care unit. Korean J Anesthesiol 1991;24:169-73. https://doi.org/10.4097/kjae.1991.24.1.169
- Shim YH, Lee CC, Bang EC, Koh SO, Kim JR. Clinical survey of ICU patients. Korean J Crit Care Med 1996;11:49-55.
- Ki SS, Jung WS, Yu BS. Clinical surveys of patients in intensive care unit. Korean J Crit Care Med 1996;11:41-7.
- Koh SO, Oh HK, Paik SK, Oh TS. Clinical survey of patients in the intensive care unit. Korean J Anesthesiol 1983;16:38-48. https://doi.org/10.4097/kjae.1983.16.1.38
- Lee YW, Kim SY, Kim JS, Lee YS, Kim JR. Clinical survey of patients of the intensive care unit. Korean J Crit Care Med 1988;3:99-104.
- Knaus WA, Wagner DP, Draper EA, Zimmerman JE, Bergner M, Bastos PG, et al. The APACHE III prognostic system: risk prediction of hospital mortality for critically ill hospitalized adults. Chest 1991;100:1619-36. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.100.6.1619
- Esteban A, Anzueto A, Alia I, Gordo F, Apezteguia C, Palizas F, et al. How is mechanical ventilation employed in the intensive care unit? An international utilization review. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:1450-8. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.161.5.9902018
- Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Chest 1992;101:1644-55. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.101.6.1644
- Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, Carlet J, Falke K, Hudson L, et al. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS: definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:818-24. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.149.3.7509706
- Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Calverley PM, Jenkins CR, Hurd SS; GOLD Scientific Committee. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Workshop summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:1256-76. Updated version 2007 is available at GOLD website: http://goldcopd.com https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.163.5.2101039
- Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Revised 2007. Available from: http://www.ginasthma.org
- Park JH, Na JO, Kim EK, Lim CM, Shim TS, Lee SD, et al. The prognosis of respiratory failure in patients with tuberculous destroyed lung. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2001;5:963-7.
- Roupie E, Lepage E, Wysocki M, Fagon JY, Chastre J, Dreyfuss D, et al. Prevalence, etiologies and outcome of the acute respiratory distress syndrome among hypoxemic ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 1999;25:920-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001340050983
- Zilberberg MD, Epstein SK. Acute lung injury in the medical ICU: comorbid conditions, age, etiology, and hospital outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1159-64. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.157.4.9704088
- Schmidt CD, Elliott CG, Carmelli D, Jensen RL, Cengiz M, Schmidt JC, et al. Prolonged mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure: a cost-benefit analysis. Crit Care Med 1983;11:407-11. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-198306000-00001
- Epstein SK, Vuong V. Lack of influence of gender on outcomes of mechanically ventilated medical ICU patients. Chest 1999;116:732-9. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.116.3.732
- Kollef MH, O'Brien JD, Silver P. The impact of gender on outcome from mechanical ventilation. Chest 1997; 111:434-41. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.111.2.434
- Mallick S. Outcome of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) ventilated in intensive care unit. Respir Med 2008;102:1355-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2008.06.003
- Fernández-Pérez ER, Yilmaz M, Jenad H, Daniels CE, Ryu JH, Hubmayr RD, et al. Ventilator settings and outcome of respiratory failure in chronic interstitial lung disease. Chest 2008;133:1113-9. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.07-1481
- Cohen IL, Lambrinos J. Investigating the impact of age on outcome of mechanical ventilation using a population of 41,848 patients from a statewide database. Chest 1995;107:1673-80. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.107.6.1673
- Ely EW, Evans GW, Haponik EF. Mechanical ventilation in a cohort of elderly patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:96-104. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-131-2-199907200-00004