Changes in the Functional Properties of Spices and Herbs during Cooking

향신채의 조리중 기능성 변화

  • Lee, Jeung-Hee (Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Kim, Mee-Ree (Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University)
  • Published : 2008.02.29

Abstract

The basic effects of herbs and spices when applied during cooking include flavoring, pungency, coloring, and deodorizing/masking effects. Besides these basic effects, herbs and spices have antioxidant, antimicrobial, pharmaceutical, and nutritional properties. This review briefly describes the flavor component characteristics as well as biological functions of herbs and spices during cooking and processing, with specific focus on garlic and Brassica vegetables.

Keywords

References

  1. 과학.백과사전 출판사편. 1991. 약초의 성분과 이용. 일월서각
  2. 농촌자원개발연구소. 1991. 식품성분표-제4개정판. 농촌진흥청 농촌영양개선 연수원
  3. 김우정, 최희숙. 2001. 천연향신료. 도서출판 효일. 서울
  4. 박흥현, 이병남, 이경희, 김대희. 2004. 마늘의 세계. 효일
  5. 이강희. 1976. Spice의 화학의 연구
  6. 전세열, 이영순. 1989. 향신료의 성분과 조리적 기능. 식품과 영양(한양여전). 3: 61-87
  7. 조재선. 1999. 식품재료학. 문운당. 서울
  8. 최인섭. 1984. 마늘의 영양적 가치에 관한 연구. 예산종합전문대 논문집
  9. 賀進. 1942. 大山成烈. 大阪醫. 41:1170
  10. 渡邊正. 1988. にんにくの有効成分の利用. 食品と開發. 26(6):40
  11. 藥食健康法事典, 別冊壯快
  12. 李尙仁, 安徳均. 1990. (漢方)家庭療法大全. 경희대학교 한의대 본초학교실편. 한국도서출판 중앙회
  13. 田湊. 1960. Vitamin. 20:97
  14. スペイス 百科事典. 三琇書房
  15. Adesida A, Edwards LG, Thomalley PI. 1996. Inhibition of human leukaemia 60 cell growth by mercapturic acid metabolites of phenylethyl isothiocyanate. Food Chem Toxicol 34(4):385-392 https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(96)00124-X
  16. Ali M. 1995. Mechanism by which garlic(Allium sativum) inhibits cyclooxygenase activity. Effect of raw versus boiled garlic extract on the synthesis of prostanoids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 53(6):397-400 https://doi.org/10.1016/0952-3278(95)90102-7
  17. Ali M, Bordia T, Mustafa T. 1999. Effect of raw versus boiled aqueous extract of garlic and onion on platelet aggregation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 60(1):43-47 https://doi.org/10.1054/plef.1998.0006
  18. Amagase H, Milner J. 1993. Impact of various sources of garlic and their constituents on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene binding to mammary cell DNA. Carcinogenesis 8(14):1627-1631
  19. Amagase H, Petesch BL, Matsuura H, Kasuga S, Itakura Y. 2001. Recent advances on the nutritional effects associated with the use of garlic as a supplement: Intake of garlic and its bioactive components. J Nutr 131(3):955S-962S https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.3.955S
  20. Apitz-Castro R, Escalante J, Vargas R, Jain MK. 1986. Ajoene, the antiplatelet principle of garlic, synergistically potentiates the antiaggregatory action of prostacyclin, forskolin, indomethacin and dypiridamole on human platelets. Thromb Res 42(3): 303-311 https://doi.org/10.1016/0049-3848(86)90259-8
  21. Aspry KE, Bjeldanes LF. 1983. Effects of dietary broccoli and butylated hydroxyanisole on liver-mediated metabolism of benzo [a] pyrene. Food Chem Toxic 21:133 https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(83)90227-2
  22. Astwood EB, Greer MA, Ettlinger MG. 1949. L-5-Vinyl-2-thioxazolidone, an antithyroid compound from yellow turnips and from brassica, seeds. J BioI Chem 181(1):121-130
  23. Athar MA, Raza H, Bickers DM, Muktar HI. 1990. Invest Dermatol 94:162 https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12874431
  24. Augusti KT, Sheela CG. 1996. Antiperoxide effect of S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide, a insulin secretagogue, in diabetic rats. Experientia 52(2):115-120 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01923354
  25. BaneIjee SK, Maulik SK. 2002. Effect of garlic on cardiovascular disorders: a review. Nutr J 1:4 https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-1-4
  26. Beecher CW. 1994. Cancer preventive properties of varieties of Brassica oleracea: a review. Am J Clin Nutr 59(5 Suppl): 1166S-1170S https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/59.5.1166S
  27. Belitz HD, Grosch W. 1986. Food Chemistry. Springer-Verlag
  28. Belman S, Solomon J, Segal A, Block E, Barany G. 1989. Inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase and mouse skin tumor promotion by onion and garlic components. J Biochem Toxicol 4(3): 151-160 https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.2570040303
  29. Bible BB, Ju HY, Calvin C. 1980. Influence of cultivar, season, irrigation and date of planting on thiocyanate ioncontent in cabbages. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 105(1): 88-89
  30. Bjorkman R. 1976. Properties and function of plant myrosinases. In: Vaughan JG, Maceod AI, Jones BMG.(Editors). The Biology Chemistry of the Cruciferae. Academic Press, London. pp. 191-206
  31. Block E, Bentley MD, Davis FA, Douglass IB, Lacadie JA. 1975. Electron impact induced processes of thermally and photochemically labile organic sulfur compounds. A mass spectral study of dialkyl thiosulfonates, disulfides and $\alpha$-disulfones. J Org Chem 40(19):2770-2773 https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00907a014
  32. Bogaards JJ, Verhagen H, Willems :MI, van Poppel G, van Bladeren PJ. 1994. Consumption of Brussels sprouts results in elevated alpha-class glutathione S-transferase levels in human blood plasma. Carcinogenesis. 15(5):1073-1075 https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/15.5.1073
  33. Brady JF, Li D, Ishizaki H, Yang CS. 1988. Effect of diallyl sulfide on rat liver microsomal nitrosamine metabolism and other monooxygenase activities. Cancer Res 48(21):5937-5940
  34. Buchheim R. 1876. Ueber die Aufgaben und die Stellung der Pharmakologie an den deutschen Hochschulen. Archiv Exp Pathol Pharmakol 5:261-278 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01976918
  35. Buttery RG, Guadagni DG, Ling LC, Seifert RM, Lipton W. 1976. Additional volatile components of cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower. J Agric Food Chem 24(4):829-832 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60206a037
  36. Cavallito CJ, Bailey JH. 1944. Allicin, the antibacterial principle of Allium sativum. I. Isolation, physical properties and antibacterial action. J Am Chem Soc 66:1950-1951 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01239a048
  37. Chen MP, Chen LT, Boyce HW. 1995. Cruciferous vegetables and glutathione: their effects on colon mucosal glutathione level and colon tumor development in rats induced by DMH. Nutr Cancer 23(1):77-83 https://doi.org/10.1080/01635589509514363
  38. Chong C, Bible B. 1974. Relationship between top/root ratio and thiocyanate content in roots of radished and turnips. Hort Sci 9(3):230-231
  39. Chung FL, Morse MA, Eklind KI. 1992. New Potential Chemopreventive Agents for Lung Carcinogenesis of Tobaccospecific Nitrosamine. Cancer Res 52(9 Suppl):2719s-2722s
  40. Dalvi RR 1992. Alterations in hepatic phase I and phase II biotransformation enzymes by garlic oil in rats. Toxicol Lett 60(3):299-305 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(92)90288-U
  41. Daun JK. 1986. Glucosinolate levels in western canadian rapeseed and Canola. JAOCS 63(5):639-643 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02638228
  42. Daxenbichler ME, Van Etten CH, Williams PH. 1980. Glucosinolate products in commercial sauerkraut. J Agric Food Chem 28:809-811 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60230a027
  43. Dion ME, Agler M, Milner. 1997. S-allyl cysteine inhibits nitrosomorpholine formation and bioactivation. Nutr Cancer 28(1):1-6 https://doi.org/10.1080/01635589709514545
  44. Dragnev KH, Nims RW, Lubet RA. 1995. The chemopreventive agent diallyl sulfide. A structurally atypical phenobarbital-type inducer. Biochem Pharmacol 50(12):2099-2104 https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(95)02117-5
  45. EI Mofty MM, Sakr SA, Essawy A, Gawad HSA. 1994. Preventive action of garlic on aflatoxin Bl-induced carcinogenesis in the toad Bufo regularis. Nutr Cancer 21(1):95-100 https://doi.org/10.1080/01635589409514307
  46. Ettlinger MG, Lundeen AJ. 1956. The structures of sinigrin and sinalbin : and enzymatic rearrangement. J Am Chem Soc 78: 4172-4173
  47. Fong AT, Swanson HI, Dashwood RH, Williams DE, Hendricks JD, Bailey GS. 1990. Mechanisms of anti-carcinogenesis by indole-3-carbinol. Studies of enzyme induction, electrophilescavenging, and inhibition of aflatoxin B1 activation. Biochem Pharmacol. 39(1):19-26 https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(90)90643-Y
  48. Friis P, Kjaer A. 1966. 4-Methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate, the pungent principle of radish root. Acta Chern Scand 20(3): 698-705 https://doi.org/10.3891/acta.chem.scand.20-0698
  49. Gebhardt R, Beck H. 1996. Differential inhibitory effects of garlic-derived organosulfur compounds on cholesterol biosynthesis in primary rat hepatocyte culture. Lipids 31(12): 1269-1276 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02587912
  50. Ghannoum MA. 1988. Studies on the anticandicidal mode of action of Allium sativum(garlic). J Gen Microbiol 134:2917-2924
  51. Graham S, Dayal H, Swanson M, Mittelman A, Wilkinson. 1978. Diet in the epodemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum. J Natn Cancer Inst 61:709
  52. Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB. 1974. Glutathione S-transferase. J BioI Chem 249:7130
  53. Hageman GJ, van Herwijnen MH, Schilderman PA, Rhijnsburger EH, Moonen EJ, Kleinjans JC. 1997. Reducing effects of garlic constituents on DNA adduct formation in human lymphocytes in vitro. Nutr Cancer 27(2):177-185 https://doi.org/10.1080/01635589709514522
  54. Harris JC, Cottrell SL, Plummer S, Lloyd D. 2001. Antimicrobial properties of Allium sativum(garlic) Appl Microbiol Biotechnolv 57(3):282-286 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002530100722
  55. Hayes MA, Rushmore TH, Goldberg MT. 1987. Inhibition of hepatocarcinogenic responses to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine by diallyl sulfide, a component of garlic oil. Carcinogenesis 8(8):1155-1157 https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/8.8.1155
  56. Hecht SS. 1995. Chemoprevention by isothiocyanates. J Cell Biochem Suppl 22:195-209
  57. Hirasa K, Takemasa M. 1998. Physiological effects of spice components, in spice science and technology. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY. pp 141-200
  58. Hong JY, Lin MC, Wang ZY, Wang EJ, Yang CS. 1994. Inhibition of chemical toxicity and carcinogenesis by diallyl sulfide and diallyl sulfone. 546:97-101. In: Food Phytochemicals for Cancer Prevention I. Huang MT, Osawa T, Ho CT, Rosen RT(Editor). American Chemical Society. Washington, D.C. U.S.A
  59. Hong YS, Park BY, Park SS. 1996. Diallyl sulfide down-regulates polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced cytochrome P450 IA1 in mouse liver and lung. Exp Mol Med 28(4):167-172 https://doi.org/10.1038/emm.1996.26
  60. Hu X, Benson PJ, Srivastav SK, Mack LM, Xia H, Gupta V. 1996. Glutathione S-transferases of female A/J mouse liver and forestomach and their differential induction by anti-carcinogenic organosulfides from garlic. Arch Biochim Biophys 336(2): 199-214 https://doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1996.0550
  61. Hughes BG, Lawson LD. 1991. Antimicrobial effect of Allium sativum L. (garlic) Allium ampeloprasum (elephant garlic), and Allium cepaL. (onion), garlic compounds and commercial garlic supplement products. Phytol Res 5:154-158 https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650050403
  62. Hughes BG, Murray BK, North JA, Lawson LD. 1989. Antiviral constituents from Allium sativum. Planta Med 55:114
  63. Hussain SP, Jannu LN, Rao AR. 1990. Cancer Lett 49(2):175-180 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(90)90155-Q
  64. Hwang ES, Jeffery EH. 2004. Effects of different processing methods on induction of quinone reductase by dietary broccoli in rats. J Med Food Spring 7(1):95-99 https://doi.org/10.1089/109662004322984770
  65. Jain RC, Vyas CR. 1975. Garlic in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Am J Clin Nutr 28(7):684-685 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/28.7.684
  66. Jang JJ, Cho KJ, Kim SH. 1989. Effects of allyl sulfide, germanium and NaCl on the development of glutathion S-transferase P-positive rat hepatic foci initiated by diethylnitrosamine. Anticancer Res 9(2):273-275 https://doi.org/10.1097/00001813-199803000-00010
  67. Jones MG, Hughes J, Tregova A, Milne J, Tomsett AB, Collin HA. 2004. Biosynthesis of the flavour precursors of onion and garlic. J Exp Bot 55(404):1903-1918 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erh138
  68. Kasuga S, Ushijima M, Morihara N, ltakura Y, Nakata Y. 1999. Effect of aged garlic extract (AGE) on hyperglycemia induced by immobilization stress in mice. Nippon Yakurigaku Zassh 114(3):191-197 https://doi.org/10.1254/fpj.114.191
  69. Kim MR. 2002. Functional of Spice and Herbs. J East Asian Soc Dietary Life 12(5):431-453
  70. Kim MR, Ahn SY. 1983. Garlic flavor. Korean J Food Nutr 12(2): 176-187
  71. Kim MR, Kim JH, Wi DS, Na JH, Sok DE. 1999. Volatile Sulfur Compounds , Proximate Components , Minerals , Vitamin C Content and Sensory Characteristics of the Juices of Kale and Broccoli Leaves. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 28(6): 1201-1207
  72. Kim MR, Lee KJ, Kim JH, Sok DE. 1997a. Determination of Sulforaphane in cruciferous vegetables by SIM. Korean J Food Sci Technol 29(5):882-887
  73. Kim MR, Lee KJ, Kim YB, Sok DE. 1997b. Induction of hepatic glutatione S-transferase activity in mice administered with various vegetable extracts. J Food Sci Nutr 2(3):207-213
  74. Kim MR, Mo EK. 1995. Volatile sulfur compounds in pickled garlic. Korean J Soc Food Sci 11(2):133-139
  75. Kim MR, Mo EK, Kim SH, Sok DE. 1993a. Inhibition of Lipoxygenase Activity by the Extract of Various Processed Garlic - Inhibitory Effect of Garlic Extracts on Soybean Lipoxygenase Activity -. J Korean Soc Food Nutr 22(3): 280-285
  76. Kim MR, Mo EK, Lee KJ. 1993b. Inhibition of Lipoxygenase Activity by the Extract of Various Processed Garlic. Korean J Soc Food Sci 9(3):215-221
  77. Kim MR, Rhee HS. 1985. Volatile Sulfur Components from Fresh Radishes of Korean Origin. Korean J Soc Food Sci 1(1): 33-39
  78. Kim MR, Rhee HS. 1986a. Purification of 4 - Methylthio - 3 butenyl isothiocyanate the Pungent Principle in Radish Roots by RP - HPLC. Korean J Soc Food Sci 2(2):16-20
  79. Kim MR, Rhee HS. 1986b. Quantitative Determination of 4- methylthio-3 - butenyl isothiocyanate in Radish Root by RP- HPLC. Korean J Food Sci Technol 28(6):475-478
  80. Kim MR, Rhee HS. 1989. Purification and Characterization of Radish Myrosinase. Korean J Food Sci Technol 21(1): 136-144
  81. Kim MR, Rhee HS. 1989. The change of thiocyanate(Goitrogen) amount, indolylmethyl glucosinolate content and myrosinase activity in redish kimchi during fermentation. Korean J Soc Food Sci 5(1):1-8
  82. Kim MR, Rhee HS. 1992. Changes in the Factors Associated with Decrease of Pungency in "Kagdugi" during Fermentation. Korean J Food Sci Technol 24(4):361-366
  83. Kim MR, Yun JH, Sok DE. 1994. Correlation between pungency and allicin contents in pickled garlic during aging. J Korean Soc Food Nutr 23(5):805-810
  84. Kim-Park S, Ku DD. 2000. Garlic elicits a nitric oxide-dependent relaxation and inhibits hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 27(10):780-786 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1681.2000.03333.x
  85. Kjaer A, Madsen JO, Maeda Y, Ozawa Y, Uda Y. 1978. Volatiles in distillates of processed radish of japanese origin. Agric Bioi Chem 42(11):1989
  86. Kjaer A. 1976. Glucosinolates in the Cruciferae, In : Vaughan JG, MacLeod AJ, Jones BMG(Editors). The Biology and Chemistry of the Cruciferae. Academic Press, London. pp 207-219
  87. Konlande IE, Pobson R. 1983. Foods & Nutririon Encyclopedia. Pegus Press
  88. Kubota K, Kobayashi S, Kobayashi A. 1984. Characteristic aroma of processed radish (Shinzuke Takuan). Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakk aishi 31(6):520-524 https://doi.org/10.3136/nskkk1962.31.8_520
  89. Lau BH. 2001. Suppression of LDL oxidation by garlic. J Nutr 131(3s):9858-988S
  90. Laurence WVD, John DF. 1989. Garlic extract prevents acute platelet thrombus formation in stenosed canine coronary arteries. Am Heart J 117(4):973-975 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(89)90641-8
  91. Lawson LD. 1996. In: Garlic the science and therapeutic application of Allium sativum L. Koch HP, Lawson LD. Eels. Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore. pp 37-108 [see ref 4 for availability]
  92. Lawson LD. 1996. The composition and chemistry of garlic cloves and processed garlic. In: Koch HP, Lawson LD (eds) Garlic the science and therapeutic application of Allium sativum L. and related species. Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore. pp 37-107
  93. Lawson LD. 1998. Garlic a review of its medicinal effects and indicated active compounds. In: Lawson LD & Bauer R, editor. Phytomedicines of Europe. Chemistry and Biological Activity. Series 691. American Chemical Society, Washington DC. pp 176-209
  94. Leoper M, DeBray M. 1921. Hypotensive effect of tincture of garlic. Prog Med 360:391-392
  95. Lubet RA, Dragnev KH, Chauhan DP, Nims RW, Diwan BA, Ward JM, Jones CR, Rice JM, Miller MS. 1992. A pleiotropic response to phenobarbital-type enzyme inducers in the F344/NCr rat. Effect of chemicals of varied structure. Biochem Pharmacol 43(5):1067-1078 https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(92)90614-O
  96. MacLeod AJ, MacLeod G. 1970. Effect of variations in cooking methods on the flavour volatiles of cabbage. J Food Sci 35(6):744-750 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1970.tb01985.x
  97. MacLeod AJ. 1976. Volatile flavour compounds of the Cruciferae. In : Vaughan JG, MacLeod AJ, Jonwa BMG(Editors). The Biology and Chemistry of the cruifreae, Academic Press, London. pp 307-330
  98. Makheja AN, Bailey JM. 1990. Antip1ate1et constituents of garlic and onion. Agents Actions 29(3-4):360-363 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01966468
  99. Maruyama FT. 1970. Identification of dimethyl trisulfide as a major aroma component of cooked brassicaceous vegetables. J Food Sci 35(5):540-543 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1970.tb04803.x
  100. Mathew PT, Augusti KT. 1973. Studies on the effect of allicin (diallyl disulphide-oxide) on alloxan diabetes I. Hypoglycaemic action and enhancement of lerum insulin effect and glycogen synthesis. Indian J Biochem Biophys 10(3):209-212
  101. Mei X, Lin X, Lin J, Song P, Hu J, Liang X. 1989. The blocking effect of garlic on the formation of N-nitrosoproline in humans. Acta Nutr Sinica 11:141-145
  102. Mei X, Wang M, Li T, Gao C, Han N, Fu M, Lin B, Nie H. 1985. Yingyang Xuebao. Acta Nutr Sinica 7:173-177
  103. McDanell R, Mclean AE, Hanley AB, Heaney RK, Fenwick GR. 1987. Differential induction of mixed-function oxidase (MFO) activity in rat liver and intestine by diets containing processed cabbage: correlation with cabbage levels of glucosinolates and glucosinolate hydrolysis products. Food Chem Toxicol 25(5):363-368 https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(87)90170-0
  104. Morita K, North RA, Tokimasa T. 1982. The calcium-activated potassium conductance in guinea-pig myenteric neurones. J Physiol 329:341-354 https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1982.sp014306
  105. Morse MA, Eklind Kl, Hecht SS, Jordan KG, Choi CI, Desai DH, Amin SG, Chung FL. 1991. Structure-activity relationships for inhibition of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone lung tumorigenesis by arylalkyl isothiocyanates in A/J mice. Cancer Res 51(7):1846-1850
  106. Noordhoek GT, van Embden JD. 1991. Yaws, an endemic treponematosis reconsidered in the HIV era. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 10(1):4-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01967089
  107. Oested S. 1820. J Chem Phys 29:80 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1744467
  108. O'gara JP, Dorman CJ. 2000. Effects of local transcription and H-NS on inversion of the fim switch of Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 36(2):457-466 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01864.x
  109. Oginsky EL, Stein AE, Greer MA. 1965. Myrosinase activity in bacteria as demonstrated by the conversion of progoitrin to goitrin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 119:360-364 https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-119-30181
  110. Ohaeri OC. 2001. Effect of garlic oil on the levels of various enzyme in the serum and tissue of streptozotocin diabtic rats. Biosci Rep 21(1):19-24 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010425932561
  111. Ohtsuru M, Hata T. 1973. Studies on the functional groups of plant myrosinase. Agric Bioi Chem 37(2):269-275 https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.37.269
  112. Olsen O, Sorensen H. 1979. Phytochemistry. 18: 1547-1552 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)98494-2
  113. Orekhov AN, Grunwald J. 1997. Effects of garlic on atherosclerosis. Nutr 13(7-8):656-663 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(97)83010-9
  114. Otte E. 1922. Ber 55 B, 1653
  115. Pan J, Hong JY, Li D, Schuetz PS, Guzelelian PS, Huang W, Yang CS. 1993. Regulation of cytochrome P450 2B1/2 genes by diallyl sulfone, disulfaram and other organosulfur compounds in primary culture of rat hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 45(11):2323-2329 https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(93)90206-C
  116. Polasa K, Krishnaswamy K. 1997. Reduction of urinary mutagen excretion in rats fed garlic. Cancer Lett 114(1-2): 185-186 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3835(97)04658-2
  117. Prochaska HJ, Talalay P. 1988. Regulatory mechanisms of monofunctional and bifunctional anticarcinogenic enzyme inducers in murine liver. Cancer Res 48(17):4776-4782
  118. Rashid A, Khan HH. 1985. The mechanism of hypotensive effect of garlic extract. J Pak Med Assoc 35(12):357-362
  119. Reddy BS, Rao CV. 1994. Chemoprevention of colon cancer by thiol and other organosulfer compounds. 546: 164-172. In: Food Phytochemicals for Cancer Prevention I. Huang MT, Osawa T, Ho CT, Rosen RT(Editor). American Chemical Society. Washington, D.C. U.S.A
  120. Reddy BS, Rao CV, Rivenson A, Kelloff G. 1993. Cander Res 53(15):3493-3498
  121. Schmidt PW, Marquardt U. 1936. Uber den antimykotischen efffekt atherischer ole von lauchgewachsen und kreuzblutlern auf pathogene. Hautpilze Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskrankh Hyg Abt 138:104-128
  122. Sendl A, Elbl G, Steinke B, Redl K, Breu W, Wagner H. 1992. Comparative pharmacological investigations of Allium ursinum and Allium sativum. Planta Medica 58(1):1-7 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-961378
  123. Shankaranarayana ML, Raghavan B, Abraham KO, Natarajan CP. 1982. Sulfur compounds in flavours. In : Morton ID, MacLeod AJ(Editors). Food flavours. Elsvier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam. pp 190-220
  124. Shoji S, Furuishi K, Yanase R, Miyazaka T, Kino M. 1993. Allyl compounds selectively killed human deficiency virus-type I-infected cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 194(2): 610-621 https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1993.1865
  125. Sigounas G, Hooker J, Anagnostor A, Steiner M. 1997. S-allylmercaptocysteine inhibits cell proliferation and reduces the viability of erythroleukemia, breast, and prostate cancer cell lines. Nutr Cancer 27(2):186-191 https://doi.org/10.1080/01635589709514523
  126. Smith AL, Nicolaou KC. 1996. The enediyne antibiotics.. J Med Chem 39(11):2103-2117 https://doi.org/10.1021/jm9600398
  127. Sok DE, Kim JH, Kim MR. 2003. Isolation and Identification of Bioactive Organosulfur Phytochemicals from Solvent Extract of Broccoli. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 32(3):315-319 https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2003.32.3.315
  128. Sparnins VL, Barany G, Wattenberg LW. 1988. Effects of organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions on benzo[a]pyrene-induced neoplasia and glutathione S-transferase activity in the mouse. Carcinogenesis 9(1):131-134 https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/9.1.131
  129. Steinmetz KA, Kushi LH, Bostick RM, Folsom AR, Potter JD. 1994. Vegetables, Fruit, and Colon Cancer in the lowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 139(1):1-15 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116921
  130. Stoner GD, Morrissey DT, Heur YH, Daniel EM, Galati AJ, Wagner SA 1991. Inhibitory effects of phenethyl isothiocyanate on N-nitrosobenzylmethylamine carcinogenesis in the rat esophagus. Cancer Res 51(8):2063-2068
  131. Stoner GD, Galati AJ, Schmidt CJ, Morse MA. 1994. Inhibition of esophageal tumorigenesis by phenethyl isothiocyanate. 546: 173-180. In: Food Phytochemicals for Cancer Prevention I. Huang MT, Osawa T, Ho CT, Rosen RT(Editor). American Chemical Society. Washington, D.C. U.S.A
  132. Sundaram SG, Milner JA 1996. Diallyl disulfide suppresses the growth of human colon tumor cell xenografts in athymic nude mice. J Nutr 126(5):1355-1361 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/126.5.1355
  133. Sundaram SG, Milner JA. 1993. Impact of organosulfur compounds in garlic on canine mammary tumor cells in culture. Cancer Lett 74(1-2):85-90 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(93)90048-E
  134. Synge RLM, Wood JC. 1956. (+)-S-Methyl-l-cysteine-S-oxide in cabbage. Biochem J 64(2):252-259 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0640252
  135. Tadi PP, Teel RW, Lau BHS. 1990. Anticandidal and anticarcinogenic potentials of garlic. Int Clin Nutr Rev 10:423-429
  136. Talalay P. 1992. Chemical protection against cancer by induction of electrophile detoxification(phase II) enzymes. In: Cellular and Molecular Targets for Chemoprevention. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp 193-205
  137. Talalay P, Fahey JW, Holtzclaw WD, Prestera T, Zhang Y. 1995. Chemoprotection against cancer by phase 2 enzyme induction. Toxicol Lett 82-83:173-179 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(95)03553-2
  138. Talalay P, Fahey JW. 2001. Phytochemicals from cruciferous plants protect against cancer by modulating carcinogen metabolism. J Nutr 131(11 Suppl):3027S-3033S https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.11.3027S
  139. Tatarintsev AV, Vrzheshch PV, Yershuv DE, Schegolev A, Turgiyev AS, Karamov EV, Kornilayeva GV, Makarova TV, Fedorov NA, Varfolomeyev SD. 1992. The ajoene blockade of integrin-dependent processes in an HlV-infected cell system. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk (11-12):6-10
  140. Thresh C. 1876. Pharm J Trams 7:7
  141. Thresh C. 1879. Pharm J Trams 12:712
  142. Uhl S. 2000. Spices: Tools for alternative or complementary medicine. Food Technol 54(5):61-65
  143. Van Etten CH, Daxenbichler ME, Wolff IA. 1969. Natural glucosinolates (Thioglucosides) in foods and feeds. J Agric Food Chem 17(3):483-491 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60163a013
  144. Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1992. Foods and Food Production Encyclopedia
  145. Verhoeven DT, Golbohm RA, van Poggel G, Verhagen H, van den Brandt PA. 1996. Epidemiological studies on brassica vegetables and cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5(9):733-748
  146. Wargovich MJ. 1987. Diallyl sulfide, a flavor component of garlic (Allium sativum), inhibits dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer. Carcinogenesis. 8(3):487-489 https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/8.3.487
  147. Wattenberg LW. 1985. Chemoprevention of cancer. Cancer Res 45(1):1-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-230X(08)60265-1
  148. Wattenberg LW, Sparnins VL, Barany G. 1989. Inhibition of N-nitrosodiethylamine carcinogenesis in mice by naturally occurring organosulfur compounds and monoterpenes. Cancer Res 49(10):2689
  149. William H, Briggs Hang Xiao, Kirk L. Parkin, Cunxi Shen, Irwin L, Goldman. 2000. Differential Inhibition of Human Platelet Aggregation by Selected Allium Thiosulfinates. Agric Food Chern 48(11):5731 -5735 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0004412
  150. Willkinson AP, Rhodes MJC, Fenwick GR. 1985. Myrosinase activity of cruciferous vegtables. J Sci Food Agric 35(5): 543-555 https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740350511
  151. Wills ED. 1956. Enzyme inhibition by allicin, the active principle of garlic. Biochem J 63(3):514-520 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0630514
  152. Witte JS, Longnecker MP, Bird CL, Lee ER, Frankl HD, Haile RW. 1994. Relation of Vegetable, Fruit, and Grain Consumption to Colorectal Adenomatous Polyps. Am J Epidemiol 144(11): 1015-1025
  153. Wui CC, Sheen LY, Chen HW, Kuo WW, Tsai SJ,Li CK. 2002. Differential effects of garlic oil and its three major organosulfur components on the hepatic detoxification system in rats. J Agric Food Chern 50(2):378-383 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf010937z
  154. Yin MC, Cheng WS. 1998. Antioxidant Activity of Several Allium Members. J Agric Food Chern 46(10):4097-4101 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf980344x
  155. Yeh IT, Liu L. 2001. Cholesterol lowering effect of garlic extracts and organosulfur compounds: Human and animal studies. J Nutr 131(3s):989S-993S https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.3.989S
  156. Zhang Y, Talalay P, Cho CG, Posner GH. 1992. A major inducer of anticarcinogenic protective enzymes from broccoli : Isolation and elucidation of structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(6):2399-2403 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.6.2399