References
- Antonov, J.I., R.A. Locarnini, T.P. Boyer, A.V. Mishonov, and H.E. Garcia. 2006. World Ocean Atlas 2005, Volume 2: Salinity. S. Levitus, Ed. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 62, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 182 p
- Bakker, D.C.E., H.J.W. De Baar, and E. De Jong. 1999. The dependence on temperature and salinity of dissolved inorganic carbon in East Atlantic surface waters. Mar. Chem., 65, 263-280 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(99)00017-1
-
Bates, N.R. 2001. Interannual changes of oceanic
$CO_{2}$ and biogeochemical properties in the Western North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Deep-Sea Res. II, 48, 1507-1528 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00151-X -
Bates, N.R. 2002. Interannual variability in the global uptake of
$CO_{2}$ . Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(5), 1059, doi: 10.1029/2001GL013571 -
Bates, N.R., A.C. Prequignet, and C.L. Sabine. 2006. Ocean carbon cycling in the Indian Ocean: 1. Spatiotemporal variability of inorganic carbon and air-sea
$CO_{2}$ gas exchange, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 20, GB3020, doi:10.1029/2005GB002491 -
Bates, N.R., T. Takahashi, D.W. Chipman, and A.H. Knap. 1998. Variability of p
$CO_{2}$ on diel to seasonal timescales in the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 15567-15585 https://doi.org/10.1029/98JC00247 -
Cosca, C.E., R.A. Feely, J. Boutin, J. Etcheto, M.J. McPhaden, F.P. Chavez, and P.G. Strutton. 2003. Seasonal and interannual
$CO_{2}$ fluxes for the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean as determined from f$CO_{2}$ -SST relationships. J. Geophys. Res., 108(C8), 3278, doi:10.1029/2000JC000677 - Dickson, A.G. and F.J. Millero. 1987. A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media. Deep-Sea Res. I, 34, 1733-1743 https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(87)90021-5
-
Dore, J.E., R. Lukas, D.W. Sadler, and D.M. Karl. 2003. Climate-driven changes to the atmospheric
$CO_{2}$ sink in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Nature, 424, 754-757 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01885 -
Feely, R.A., R. Wanninkhof, T. Takahashi, and P.P. Tans. 1999. Influence of El Nino on the equatorial Pacific contribution to atmospheric
$CO_{2}$ accumulation. Nature, 398, 597-601 https://doi.org/10.1038/19273 -
Feely, R.A., T. Takahashi, R. Wanninkhof, M.J. McPhaden, C.E. Cosca, S.C. Sutherland, and M.-E. Carr. 2006 Decadal variability of the air-sea
$CO_{2}$ fluxes in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 111, C08S90, doi:10.1029/2005JC003129 - Gabarro, C., J. Font, A. Camps, M. Vall-llossera, and A. Julia. 2004. A new empirical model of sea surface microwave emissivity for salinity remote sensing. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L01309, doi:10.1029/2003GL018964
- Garcia, H.E., R.A. Locarnini, T.P. Boyer, and J.I. Antonov. 2006. World Ocean Atlas 2005, Volume 4: Nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, silicate). S. Levitus, Ed. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 64, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 396 p
- Gould, J. and the Argo Science Team. 2004. Argo profiling floats bring new era of in situ ocean observations. EOS, 85, 179, 190-191 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004EO180004
- Gruber, N., C.D. Keeling, and N.R. Bates. 2002. Interannual variability in the North Atlantic Ocean carbon sink. Science, 298, 2374-2378 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1077077
-
Inoue, H.Y., H. Matsueda, M. Ishii, K. Fushimi, M. Hirota, I. Asanuma, and Y. Takasugi. 1995. Long-term trend of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (p
$CO_{2}$ ) in surface waters of the western North Pacific, 1984-1993. Tellus, Ser. B, 47, 391-413 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.47.issue4.2.x -
Ishii, M., S. Saito, T. Tokieda, T. Kawano, K. Matsumoto, and H.Y. Inoue. 2004. Variability of Surface Layer
$CO_{2}$ Parameters in the Western and Central Equatorial Pacific. p. 59-94. In: Global Environmental Change in the Ocean and on Land. ed. by M. Shiyomi, H. Kawahata, H. Koizumi, A. Tsuda, and Y. Awaya, TERRAPUB, Tokyo - Keeling, C.D., H. Brix, and N. Gruber. 2004. Seasonal and longterm dynamics of the upper ocean carbon cycle at Station ALOHA near Hawaii, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB4006, doi:10.1029/2004GB002227
-
Keeling, R.F., S.C. Piper, and M. Heimann. 1996. Global and hemispheric
$CO_{2}$ sinks deduced from changes in atmospheric$O_{2}$ concentration. Nature, 281, 218-221 https://doi.org/10.1038/281218a0 - Kilpatrick, K.A., G.P. Podesta, and R. Evans. 2001. Overview of the NOAA/NASA advanced very high resolution radiometer Pathfinder algorithm for sea surface temperature and associated matchup database. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 9179-9198 https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC000065
- Koblinksky, C.J., P. Hildebrand, D. LeVine, F. Pellerano, Y. Chao, W. Willson, S. Yueh, and G. Lagerloef. 2003. Sea surface salinity from space: Science goals and measurement approach. Radio Sci., 38(4), 8064, doi: 10.1029/2001RS002584
-
Landrum, L.L., R.H. Gammon, R.A. Feely, P.P. Murphy, K.C. Kelly, C.E. Cosca, and R.F. Weiss. 1996. North Pacific Ocean
$CO_{2}$ disequilibrium for spring through summer, 1985-1989. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 28539-28555 https://doi.org/10.1029/96JC02100 - Lee, K., F.J. Millero, and D.M. Campbell 1996. The reliability of the thermodynamic constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater. Mar. Chem., 55, 233-245 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(96)00064-3
- Lee, K., F.J. Millero, and R. Wanninkhof. 1997. The carbon dioxide system in the Atlantic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 15693-15707 https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC00067
- Lee, K., R. Wanninkhof, T. Takahashi, S.C. Doney, and R.A. Feely. 1998. Low interannual variability in recent oceanic uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Nature, 396, 155-159 https://doi.org/10.1038/24139
- Lee, K., R. Wanninkhof, R.A. Feely, F.J. Millero, and T.-H. Peng. 2000a. Global relationships of total inorganic carbon with temperature and nitrate in surface seawater. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 14(3), 979-994 https://doi.org/10.1029/1998GB001087
- Lee, K., F.J. Millero, R.H. Byrne, R.A. Feely, and R. Wanninkhof. 2000b. The recommended dissociation constants for carbonic acid in seawater. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(2), 229-232 https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL002345
- Lee, K., L. Tong, F.J. Millero, C.L. Sabine, A.G. Dickson, C. Goyet, G.-H. Park, R. Wanninkhof, R.A. Feely, and R.M. Key. 2006. Global relationships of total alkalinity with salinity and temperature in surface waters of the world's oceans. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L19605, doi: 10.1029/2006GL026994
-
Lefevre, N. and A. Taylor. 2002. Estimating p
$CO_{2}$ from sea surface temperatures in the Atlantic gyres. Deep-Sea Res. I, 49, 539-554 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00064-4 -
Loukos, H., F. Vivier, P.P. Murphy, D.E. Harrison, and C. Le Quere. 2000. Interannual variability of equatorial Pacific
$CO_{2}$ fluxes estimated from temperature and salinity data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(12), 1735-1738 https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011013 -
Lueker, T.J., A.G. Dickson, and C.D. Keeling. 2000. Ocean p
$CO_{2}$ calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, and equations for K-1 and K-2: Validation based on laboratory measurements of$CO_{2}$ in gas and seawater at equilibrium. Mar. Chem, 70, 105-119 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(00)00022-0 - McNeil, B.I., N. Metzl, R.M. Key, R.J. Matear, and A. Corbiere. 2007. An empirical estimate of the Southern Ocean air-sea CO2 flux. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, GB3011, doi:10.1029/2007GB002991
- Mehrbach, C., C.H. Culberson, J.E. Hawley, and R.M. Pytkowicz. 1973. Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at an atmospheric pressure. Limnol. Oceanogr., 18, 897-907 https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1973.18.6.0897
-
Metzl, N., C. Brunet, A. Jabaud-Jan, A. Poisson, and B. Schauer. 2006. Summer and winter air-sea
$CO_{2}$ fluxes in the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I, 53, 1548-1563 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2006.07.006 - Millero, F.J., D. Pierrot, K. Lee, R. Wanninkhof, R. Feely, C.L. Sabine, R.M. Key, and T. Takahashi. 2002. Dissociation constants for carbonic acid determined from field measurements. Deep-Sea Res. I, 49, 1705-1723 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00093-6
- Millero, F.J., T.B. Graham, F. Huang, H. Bustos-Serrano, and D. Pierrot. 2006. Dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater as a function of salinity and temperature. Mar. Chem, 100, 80-94 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2005.12.001
-
Mojica, P. and F.J. Millero. 2002. The values of
$pK_{1}$ +$pK_{2}$ for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66, 2529-2540 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00855-4 - Olsen, A., R.G.J. Bellerby, T. Johannessen, A.M. Omar, and I. Skjelvan. 2003. Interannual variability in the wintertime air-sea flux of carbon dioxide in the northern North Atlantic. 1981-2001, Deep-Sea Res. I, 50, 1323-1338 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00144-4
-
Park, G.-H., K. Lee, R. Wanninkhof, and R.A. Feely. 2006. Empirical temperature-based estimates of variability in the oceanic uptake of
$CO_{2}$ over the past 2 decades. J. Geophys. Res., 111, C07S07, doi:10.1029/2005JC003090 -
Poisson, A., N. Metzl, C. Brunet, B. Schauer, B. Bres, D. Ruiz-Pino, and F. Louanchi. 1993. Variability of sources and sinks of
$CO_{2}$ and in the western Indian and Southern Oceans during the year 1991. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 22759-22778 https://doi.org/10.1029/93JC02501 -
Quay, P.D., B. Tillbrook, and C.S. Wong. 1992. Oceanic uptake of fossil fuel
$CO_{2}$ : Carbon-13 evidence. Science, 256, 74-79 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.256.5053.74 -
Sabine, C.L., R.A. Feely, N. Gruber, R.M. Key, K. Lee, J.L. Bullister, R. Wanninkhof, C.S. Wong, D.W.R. Wallace, B. Tilbrook, F.J. Millero, T.-H. Peng, A. Kozyr, T. Ono, and A.F. Rois. 2004. The oceanic sink for anthropogenic
$CO_{2}$ . Science, 305, 367-371 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097403 -
Sarma, V.V.S.S., T. Saino, K. Sasaoka, Y. Nojiri, T. Ono, M. Ishii, H.Y. Inoue, and K. Matsumoto. 2006. Basin-scale p
$CO_{2}$ distribution using satellite sea surface temperature, Chl a, and climatological salinity in the North Pacific in spring and summer. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 20, GB3005, doi:10.1029/2005GB002594 -
Stephens, M.P., G. Samuels, D.B. Olson, R.A. Fine, and T. Takahashi. 1995. Sea-air flux of
$CO_{2}$ in the North Pacific using shipboard and satellite data. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 13571-13583 https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC00901 -
Takahashi, T., R.A. Feely, R. Weiss, R. Wanninkhof, D.W. Chipman, S.C. Sutherland, and T.T. Takahashi. 1997. Global air-sea flux of
$CO_{2}$ : An estimate based on measurements of sea-air p$CO_{2}$ difference. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 94, 8292-8299 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.16.8292 -
Takahashi, T., S.C. Sutherland, C. Sweeney, A. Poisson, N. Metzl, B. Tillbrook, N. Bates, R. Wanninkhof, R.A. Feely, C. Sabine, J. Olafsson, and Y. Nojiri. 2002. Global sea-air
$CO_{2}$ flux based on climatological surface ocean p$CO_{2}$ , and seasonal biological and temperature effects. Deep-Sea Res. II, 49, 1601-1622 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00003-6 -
Takahashi, T., S.C. Sutherland, R.A. Feely, and R. Wanninkhof. 2006. Decadal change of the surface water p
$CO_{2}$ in the North Pacific: A synthesis of 35 years of observations. J. Geophys. Res., 111, C07S05, doi:10.1029/2005JC003074 -
Tans, P.P., I.Y. Fung, and T. Takahashi. 1990. Observational constraints on the global atmospheric
$CO_{2}$ budget. Science, 247, 1431-1438 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.247.4949.1431 -
Tsurushima, N., Y. Nojiri, K. Imai, and S. Watanabe. 2002. Seasonal variations of carbon dioxide system and nutrients in the surface mixed layer at station KNOT (
$44^{\circ}$ N,$155^{\circ}$ E) in the subarctic western North Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. II, 49, 5377-5394 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00197-2 -
Wanninkhof, R., E. Lewis, R.A. Feely, and F.J. Millero. 1999. The optimal carbonate dissociation constants for determining surface water p
$CO_{2}$ from alkalinity and total inorganic carbon. Mar. Chem., 65, 291-301 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(99)00021-3 -
Zeng, J.Y., Y. Nojiri, P.P. Murphy, C.S. Wong, and Y. Fujinuma. 2002. A comparison of
$\Delta$ $pCO_{2}$ distributions in the northern North Pacific using results from a commercial vessel in 1995-1999. Deep-Sea Res. II, 49, 5303-5315 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00192-3