Journal of Life Science (생명과학회지)

Korean Society of Life Science (한국생명과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Methanol Extract from Terminalia chebulae on Renal and Pulmonary Toxicities Induced by Paraquat in Rats

가자(Terminalia chebulae) 메탄올 추출물이 paraquat 독성에 의한 흰 쥐의 신장 및 폐조직에 미치는 영향

  • Published : 2008.01.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Paraquat (1,1-dimethyl 4,4' -dipyridium dichloride; PQ) is a kind of herbicide. Terminalia chebulae (TC) has been used as a medicine in China and in Korea for treating illnesses such as diarrhea, collapsed anus, spasmodic, diphtheria, asthma etc.. This study was to examin new physiological activities of methanol extract of TC (TCM) on the toxicity of PQ. It was observed biochemical effects on the toxicity of PQ in kidney and lung tissues after treatment orally administered 100, 200, 300 mg/kg of TCM daily for two weeks. In the experiment related to the toxicity of PQ, we got following results: renal and pulmonary lipid peroxide contents, activities of aminopyrine N-demethylase, aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase were significantly increased in control group as compared with normal group, in the treatment of TCM the values were decreased as compared with control group. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase which are free radical scavenging enzymes were also increased in control group as compared with normal goup, but were decreased in TCM group as compared with control group. Collagen content and glucose-6-phosphatase activity in lung tissue were increased in control group as compared with normal, but was decreased in TCM group as compared with control group. From these results, we concluded that TCM can playa role as an effective agent to decrease toxicity of PQ.

Paraquat (PQ)는 전세계적으로 사용되고 있는 제초제의 한 종류이며 독성을 가지고 있다. 가자(terminalia Chebulae)는 오래전부터 설사, 이질, 디프테리아, 기침, 천식 등의 치료제로 중국, 한국 등에서 사용되고 있는 약용식물이다. TCM이 PQ 유도독성에 미치는 영향을 실험한 결과 다음과 같은 결과들을 얻었다. 1. 신장 조직과 폐 조직에서 지질과산화물 함량을 측정해본 결과 PQ 처리군은 정상군에 비해 각각 2배, 2.5배 증가하였으나 TCM 투여군에서는 정상군에 가깝게 감소하였다. 2. 활성산소 생성계 효소에서 cytosolic enzyme system인 aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidase 그리고 microsomal enzyme system인 aminopyrine N-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase 활성을 측정한 결과 PQ 처리군에서 활성증가가 나타났으나 TCM 투여군에서는 효소활성이 소량 감소하였다. 3. 활성산소 해독계에 영향을 미치는 superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase를 측정 한 결과 PQ 처리군은 정상군에 비해 2배 이상의 활성 증가가 나타났고 TCM 투여군의 경우 소량 감소하는 결과가 얻어졌다. 4. 폐 조직의 G-6-phosphatase는 PQ투여군의 경우 활성 저하가 나타났으나 TCM 투여군에서는 효소 활성이 점차 증가하여 300 mg/ml에서는 정상군에 가까운 수치가 나타났다. 5. 폐 조직 중의 collagen 함량은 PQ 투여군의 경우 정상군에 비해 1.5배 증가하였고 가자 메탄올추출물 투여군의 경우 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg의 순서로 함량이 점차 감소하는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 가자 메탄올추출물은 PQ 유도독성을 신장 및 폐조직에서 효과적으로 경감시키는 것으로 나타났다.

Keywords

References

  1. Aebi, H. 1974. Catalase, pp. 673, In Vergmeter, H. U. (eds.), Method of enzymatic analysis, Vol. 2, Academic Press Inc., New York.
  2. Autor, A. P. 1974. Reduction of paraquat toxicity by superoxide dismutase. Life Sci. 14, 1309-1319. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(74)90439-1
  3. Bidlack, W. R. and G. L. Lowry. 1982. Multiple drug metabolism; p-nitroanisole reversal of aceton enhanced aniline hydroxylation. Biochem. Pharmacol. 31, 311-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(82)90176-9
  4. Bismuth, C. A. H. Hall, F. J. Baud and S. Borron. 1996. Pulmonary dysfunction in survivors of acute paraquat poisoning. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 38, 220-222.
  5. Bud, J. S., S. Z. Cagen, M. Olgaard and J. E. Gibson. 1976. A mechanism of paraquat toxicity in mice and rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 35, 501-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(76)90073-9
  6. Free, J. A. 1980. Superoxide, superoxide dismutase and oxygen toxicity. pp. 209, In Spiro, I. G. (eds.), Metal ion activation of dioxygen, John Willy & Sons, Inc., USA.
  7. Freeman, B. A. and J. D. Crapo. 1982. Biology of disease; Free radicals and tissue injury. Lab. Invest. 47, 412-416.
  8. Granger, D. N. and D. A. Parks. 1983. Role of oxygen radicals in the pathogenesis of intestinal ischemia. The Pharmacologist 25, 159-164.
  9. Halliwell, B. 1978. Biochemical mechanism accounting for the toxic action of oxygen on living organisms : the key role of superoxide dismutase. Cell. Biol. Int. Rep. 2, 11-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/0309-1651(78)90079-6
  10. Hemmati, A. A. and R. Hicks. 1999. Increased myofibro-blasts contractile sensitivity in paraquat pretreated rat lung tissue. Life Science 65, 2325-2332. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00499-3
  11. Huang, K. K. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs, pp. 194, CRC Press, Inc. Florida.
  12. Hur, B. H. and S. J. Joo. 2003. Natural Products pp. 2-3, In Il-Moo Chang etc. (eds.), Treatise on Asian Herbal Medicines, Vol. I, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul.
  13. Hur, B. H. and S. J. Joo. 2003. Natural Products pp. 19-20, In Il-Moo Chang etc. (eds.), Treatise on Asian Herbal Medicines, Vol. II, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul.
  14. Jagtap. A. G. and S. G. Karkera. 1999. Potential of the aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula as an anticaries agent. J. Ethnopharmaco. 68, 299-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00058-6
  15. Jamall, I. S. and V. N. Finelli. 1981. A simple method to determine nanogram levels of 4-hydroxyproline in biological tissue. Anal. Biochem. 112, 70-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(81)90261-X
  16. Keles, M. S., S. Taysi, N. Sen and F. Aksoy, 2001. Effect of corticosteroid therapy on serum and CSF malondialdehyde and antioxidant proteins in multiple sclerosis. Canadian J. Biological Sciences 28(2), 141-143.
  17. Lee, S. H, K. S. Lee, J. M. Ahn, S. H. Kim and S. Y. Hong. 1995. Paraquat poisoning of the lung: thin-section CT findings. Radiology 195, 271-274. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.195.1.7892484
  18. Leibovitz, B. E. and B. V. Siegel. 1980. Aspects of free radical reactions in biological systems: Aging. J. Gerontol. 35, 45-48. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/35.1.45
  19. Little, C. and P. J. O'Brine, 1968. An intracellular GSH-peroxidase with lipid peroxide substrate. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commum. 31, 145-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(68)90721-3
  20. Lowry, O. H., V. J. Rosenbrough, A. S. Farr and R. J. Randall. 1951. Protein measurement with folin reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193, 256-261.
  21. Marklund, S. and G. Marklund. 1974. Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. Eur. J. Biochem. 47, 469-474. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x
  22. Mattew, H, A. Logan, M. F. Woodruff and F. Heard. 1968. Paraquat poisoning: lung transplantation. Br. Med. J. 3, 759-763. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.3.5621.759
  23. McDonagh, B. J. and J. Martin. 1970. Paraquat poisoning in children. Arch. Dis. Child 45, 425-427. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.45.241.425
  24. Misra, H. P. and L. D. Gorsky. 1981. Paraquat and NADPH dependant lipid peroxidation in lung microsome, J. Biol. Chem. 256, 9994-9998.
  25. Nash, T. 1953. The colorimetric estimation of form-aldehyde by means of the herisch reaction. J. Biol. Chem. 55, 416-421.
  26. Ohkawa, H., N. Ohishi and K. Yaki, 1979. Assay for lipid peroxide in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal. Bioche. 95, 351-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3
  27. Oneyama, H. P. and F. W. Oehme. 1984. A literature review of paraquat toxicity. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 26, 495-502.
  28. Paglia, E. D. and W. N. Valentine. 1967. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocytes glutathione peroxidase. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 70, 158-162.
  29. Park, J. O. 2005. Effect of methanol extract from Terminalia chefulae on the paraquat toxicity. Bulletin of Basic Science Research Center. Kyungsung university. 17, 55-60.
  30. Rajagopalan, K. V., I. Fridovich and P. Handler. 1962. Purification and properties of hepatic aldehyde oxidase. J. Biol. Chem. 237, 922-928.
  31. Russel, L. A. 1981. Paraquat poisoning: Toxicologic and pathologic findings in three fatal case. Clin. Toxicol. 18, 915-928. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563658108990319
  32. Sato Y., H. Oketani. and K. Singyouchi. 1997. Extraction and Purification of effective antimicrobial constituents of Terminalia chebula RETS. against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 20, 401-404. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.20.401
  33. Shin, T. Y., H. J. Jeong, D. K. Kim, B. S. Chae and C. M. Lee. 2001. Inhibitory action of water soluble fraction of Terminalia chebula on systemic and local anaphylaxis. J. Ethnopharmaco. 74, 133-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00360-3
  34. Simon, R H., C. M. Scoggin and D. Patterson. 1981. Hydrogen peroxide causes the fetal injury to human fibroblasts exposed to oxygen radicals. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 7171-7174.
  35. Stirpe, F. and C. E. Della. 1969. The regulation of rat liver xanthine oxidase; in vitro Conversion of the enzyme activity from dehydrogenase (type D) to oxidase (type O). J. Biol. Chem. 244, 3855-3863.
  36. Stralin, P. and S. L. Marklund. 1994. Effects of oxidative stress on expression of extracellular superoxide dismutase, CuZn-superoxide dismutase and Mn-superoxide dismutase in human dermal fibroblasts. Biochemical Journal 298, 347-352. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2980347
  37. Traiger, G. J. and G. L. Plaa. 1971. Differences in the potentiation of carbon tetrachloride in rats by ethanol and isopropanol pretreatment. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 20, 105-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(71)90094-9
  38. Vale, J. A, T. J. Meredith and B. M. Buckley. 1987. Paraquat poisoning: clinical features and immediate general management. Hum. Toxicol. 6, 41-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/096032718700600107
  39. Windholz, M. 1983. The Merck Index. No. 6894, 10th eds., MERCK & CO, USA.
  40. Yagi, K. 1987. Lipid peroxides and human disease pp. 337-339, In Yagi, K. (eds.), Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, Vol. 45, Academic Press Inc., New York.
  41. Yamashita, M, and Y. Ando. 2000. A long-term follow-up of lung function in survivors of paraquat poisoning. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 19, 99-103. https://doi.org/10.1191/096032700678815729

Cited by

  1. Levels of Plasma Glucose and Lipid in Rats Fed Bread Supplemented with Natural Extracts vol.48, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.9721/KJFST.2016.48.1.77