DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Brugada 심전도 양상을 포함한 이미프라민에 의한 독성 부작용 1예

A case of imipramine induced toxicity with Brugada electrocardiographic pattern in a toddler

  • 최우연 (전남대학교 의과대학, 전남대학교병원 소아과학교실) ;
  • 박수민 (전남대학교 의과대학, 전남대학교병원 소아과학교실) ;
  • 한의정 (전남대학교 의과대학, 전남대학교병원 소아과학교실) ;
  • 김영남 (전남대학교 의과대학, 전남대학교병원 소아과학교실) ;
  • 조영국 (전남대학교 의과대학, 전남대학교병원 소아과학교실) ;
  • 마재숙 (전남대학교 의과대학, 전남대학교병원 소아과학교실)
  • Choi, Woo-Yeon (Department of pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School Chonnam National University Hospital) ;
  • Park, Soo-Min (Department of pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School Chonnam National University Hospital) ;
  • Han, Ui-Jeong (Department of pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School Chonnam National University Hospital) ;
  • Kim, Young-Nam (Department of pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School Chonnam National University Hospital) ;
  • Cho, Young-Kuk (Department of pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School Chonnam National University Hospital) ;
  • Ma, Jae-Sook (Department of pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School Chonnam National University Hospital)
  • 투고 : 2008.06.04
  • 심사 : 2008.09.04
  • 발행 : 2008.11.15

초록

삼환계 항우울제의 하나인 이미프라민은 우울장애와 야뇨증, 불안장애, 신경성 통증에 쓰인다. 그러나 이미프라민을 포함한 삼환계 항우울제는 많은 부작용이 관찰되는 데, 항콜린성 작용으로 초기에 입이 마르고 동공산대, 소변 정체, 동성빈맥을 보인다. 또한 중추신경계에 작용하여 섬망, 불안, 초조, 환각, 경련, 혼수를 야기할 수 있다. 그러나 앞에서 말한 부작용 보다도 치명적인 것인 삼환계 항우울제에 의해 소디움 채널 차단으로 인한 부정맥이다. QRS파의 연장과 QTc 연장, 넓은 QRS파 빈맥, Brugada 심전도 양상이 나타나며 이런 현상은 중탄산 나트륨을 통해 나트륨을 대량으로 공급하여 회복시킬 수 있다. 이미프라민을 포함한 삼환계 항우울제에는 아직도 널리 쓰이고 있지만 지금까지 소아에서 부정맥이 부작용으로 나타난 증례에 대한 보고가 없었다. 따라서 저자들은 이미프라민 과량복용 후 경련, 넓은 QRS파를 보이는 빈맥, Brugada 심전도 양상, 무뇨를 보인 환아를 경험, 치료하여 이를 보고한다.

Imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), is used for the treatment of non-polar depression and nocturnal enuresis in children in whom an organic pathology has been excluded, anxiety disorders, and neuropathic pain. Clinical toxicity following the treatment of TCAs, including imipramine, is well known. The anticholinergic effects initially present include a dry mouth, ileus, dilated pupils, urinary retention, and mild sinus tachycardia. The central nervous system toxicity includes delirium, agitation, restlessness, hallucinations, convulsions, and CNS depression or coma. However, the most life-threatening toxicity remains the development of cardiac dysrhythmias. Conduction delays such as QRS and corrected QT prolongation, wide QRS complex tachycardia, and the Brugada electrocardiographic pattern have been reported. Sodium bicarbonate decreases QRS widening and suppresses dysrhythmias by providing excess sodium to reverse the TCA-induced sodium-channel blockade and possibly by binding directly to the myocardium. There are no pediatric case reports on imipramine or other TCA associated toxicity in Korea. Here, we describe a patient who presented with convulsions, tachycardia with a wide QRS complex, a Brugada electrocardiographic pattern, and anuresis associated with an accidental overdose of imipramine and the outcome of treatment with sodium bicarbonate.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Liebelt EL, Francis PD, Woolf AD. ECG lead aVR versus QRS interval in predicting seizures and arrhythmias in acute tricyclic antidepressant toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 1995;26: 195-201 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-0644(95)70151-6
  2. FDA Available from:URL://http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/antidepressants/historical.htm
  3. Gepertz S, Neveus T. Imipramine for therapy resistant enuresis: A retrospective evaluation. J Urol 2004;171:2607-9 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000110613.51078.93
  4. Korzeniewska-Rybicka I, Plaznik A. Analgesic effect of antidepressant drugs. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998;59: 331-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057(97)00336-5
  5. Saraf KR, Klein AF, Gittelman-Klein R, Groff S. Imipramine side effects in children. Psychopharmacologia 1974;37:265-74 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00421540
  6. Ereshefsky L, Tranjohnson T, Davis CM, Leroy A. Pharmacokinetic factors affecting antidepressant drug clearance and clinical effect-evaluation of doxepin and imipramine-new data and review. Clin Che 1988;34:863-80
  7. Boehnert MT, Lovejoy FH Jr. Value of the QRS duration versus the serum drug level in predicting seizures and ventricular arrhythmias after an acute overdose of tricyclic antidepressants. N Engl J Med 1985;313:474-9 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198508223130804
  8. Frommer DA, Kulig KW, Marx JA, Rumack B. Tricyclic antidepressant overdose: A review. JAMA 1987;257:521-6 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.257.4.521
  9. Shannon MW. Duration of QRS disturbances after severe tricyclic antidepressant intoxication. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1992;30:377-86 https://doi.org/10.3109/15563659209021553
  10. Pimentel L, Trommer L. Cyclic antidepressant overdoses: A review. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1994;12:533-47
  11. Munger MA, Effron BA. Amoxapine cardiotoxicity. Ann Emerg Med 1988;17:274-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-0644(88)80122-7
  12. James LP, Kearns GL. Cyclic antidepressant toxicity in children and adolescents. J Clin Pharmacol 1995;35:343-50 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.1995.tb04071.x
  13. Lieblet EL. Targeted management strategies for cardiovascular toxicity from tricyclic antidepressant overdose: the pivotal role for alkalinization and sodium loading. Pediatr Emerg Care 1998;14:293-8 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006565-199808000-00015
  14. Hoffman JR, Votey SR, Bayer M, Silver L. Effect of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of moderate-tosevere cyclic antidepressant overdose. Am J Emerg Med 1993;11:336-41 https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-6757(93)90163-6
  15. Gussak I, Antzelevitch C, Bjerregaard P, Towbin JA, Chaitman BR. The Brugada syndrome: clinical, electrophysiologic and genetic aspects. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:5-15 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00528-2
  16. Brugada J, Brugada R, Brugada P. Right bundle-branch block and ST-segment elevation in leads V1 through V3: a marker for sudden death in patients without demonstrable structural heart disease. Circulation 1998; 97:457-60 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.97.5.457
  17. Goldgran-Toledano D, Sideris G, Kevorkian JP. Overdose of cyclic antidepressants and the Brugada syndrome. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1591-2 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200205163462020
  18. Tada H, Sticherling C, Oral H, Morady F. Brugada syndrome mimicked by tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001;12:275 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1540-8167.2001.00275.x
  19. Bebarta VS, Waksman JC. Amitriptyline - induced Burgada pattern fails to respond to sodium bicarbonate. Clin Toxicol (phila) 2007;45:186-8 https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650600981186
  20. Rosenbaum TG, Kou M. Are one or two dangerous? Tricyclic antidepressant exposure in toddlers. J Emerg Med 2005;28:169-74 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.08.018