Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Optimum Methionine to Methionine Plus Cystine Ratio for Growing Pigs Determined Using Plasma Urea Nitrogen and Nitrogen Balance

  • Qiao, Shiyan (Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Piao, Xiangshu (Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Feng, Zhanyu (Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Ding, Yuhua (Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Yue, Longyao (Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Thacker, P.A. (Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University)
  • Received : 2006.08.09
  • Accepted : 2007.01.03
  • Published : 2008.03.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the optimum ratio of methionine to methionine plus cystine for growing pigs. A nitrogen balance trial was conducted using a total of 21 barrows (Large WhiteLandrace) over two replicates. The initial body weight was $20.36{\pm}1.22kg$ (mean${\pm}$SD) in the first replicate and $23.54{\pm}1.02kg$ (mean${\pm}$SD) in the second. For each replicate, the 21 pigs were randomly assigned to one of seven dietary treatments with three observations per treatment. The diets included a methionine and cystine-deficient basal diet with all other essential nutrients meeting nutrient requirements and six diets formulated with graded levels of DL-methionine (0.00, 0.03, 0.06, 0.10, 0.13, 0.16%) and $L-Cystine{\cdot}HCl{\cdot}H_2O$ (0.19, 0.15, 0.11, 0.07, 0.04, 0.00%). This resulted in ratios of methionine to methionine plus cystine of 41.3, 29.6, 35.3, 41.2, 46.0, 51.6 and 57.5%. Each experimental period lasted 12 days consisting of a seven-day adaptation period followed by a five-day total collection of urine and feces. During the collection period, pigs were fed 900 g/day for the first replicate and 1,200 g/day for the second replicate. The feed was provided in three equal portions at 0800, 1500, and 2200 h daily. Pigs had ad libitum access to water after feeding. There was a linear (p<0.01) and quadratic (p<0.01) effect on daily gain and feed conversion as the ratio of methionine to methionine plus cystine increased. Pigs receiving the diets providing a methionine to methionine plus cystine ratio of 51.6% had the best daily gain and feed conversion. Plasma urea nitrogen was also lowest for this treatment. Nitrogen retention increased (p<0.01) as the relative proportion of methionine increased up to 51.6% and then a downward trend occurred at 57.5%. The quadratic regression model, as well as one- and two- slope regression line models, were used to determine the optimum ratio of methionine to methionine plus cystine. Eliminating the 35.3% methionine to methionine plus cystine treatment resulted in $R^2$ values in excess of 0.92. The optimal ratio of methionine to methionine plus cystine was estimated to be 54.15% for nitrogen retention and 56.72% for plasma urea nitrogen.

Keywords

References

  1. AOAC. 1995. Official Methods of Analysis, 16th ed. Association of Official Analysis Chemists, Washington, DC.
  2. Cai, Y. J., R. C. Ewan and D. R. Zimmerman. 1992. Effects of dietary energy, protein and potassium levels on plasma urea nitrogen and free amino acids in finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 70(Suppl. 1):236(Abstr.).
  3. Chung, T. K. and D. H. Baker. 1992. Maximal portion of the young pig's sulfur amino acid requirement that can be furnished by cystine. J. Anim. Sci. 70:1182-1187. https://doi.org/10.2527/1992.7041182x
  4. Coma, J., D. Carrion and D. R. Zimmerman. 1995a. Use of plasma urea nitrogen as a rapid response criterion to determine the lysine requirement of pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 73:472-481. https://doi.org/10.2527/1995.732472x
  5. Coma, J., D. R. Zimmerman and D. Carrion. 1995b. Relationship of rate of lean tissue growth and other factors to concentration of urea in plasma of pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 73: 3649-3656. https://doi.org/10.2527/1995.73123649x
  6. De Lange, C. F. M., A. M. Gillis and G. J. Simpson. 2001. Influence of threonine intake on whole-body protein deposition and threonine utilization in growing pigs fed purified diets. J. Anim. Sci. 79:3087-3095. https://doi.org/10.2527/2001.79123087x
  7. Fuller, M. F., R. McWilliam, T. C. Wang and L. R. Giles. 1989. The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs. 2. Requirements for maintenance and for tissue protein accretion. Br. J. Nutr. 64:255-267.
  8. Honeyfield, D. C., J. A. Froseth and R. J. Barke. 1985. Dietary sodium and chloride levels for growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 60:691-698. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1985.603691x
  9. Kerschner, L. and J. Ziegenhorn. 1985. Urea. In: Methods in Enzymatic Analysis. 3rd edn. (Ed. H. U. Bergmeyer). Vol. 8, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, pp. 444-453.
  10. Lewis, A. J. 2003. Methionine-cystine relationships in pig nutrition. In: Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition., 2nd edn. (Ed. J. P. F. D'Mello) vol. 8, CAB International, Wallingford, UK pp. 143-155.
  11. Mahan, D. C. and R. G. Jr. Shields. 1998. Essential and nonessential amino acid composition of pigs from birth to 145 kilograms of body weight, and comparison to other studies. J. Anim. Sci. 76:513-521. https://doi.org/10.2527/1998.762513x
  12. Mohn, S., A. M. Gillis, P. J. Moughan and C. F. M. de Lange. 2000. Influence of dietary lysine and energy intakes on body protein deposition and lysine utilization in the growing pig. J. Anim. Sci. 78:1510-1519. https://doi.org/10.2527/2000.7861510x
  13. NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine, 10th ed. National Academic Press, Washington, DC.
  14. Reijmers, A. T. H., A. M. Gillis and C. F. M. de Lang. 2002. Optimum dietary methionine to methionine+cystine ratio for growing pigs. In: Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition (Ed. M. Pack, J. Ficklen, M. Rademachen, A. Lemme, S. Mack, D. Hohlen, J. Fonlaine and A. Petoi), CORAL SANIVET, Bucharest pp. 453-457.
  15. Robbins, K. B., H. W. Norton and D. H. Baker. 1979. Estimation of nutrient requirements from growth data. J. Nutr. 109:1710- 1714. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/109.10.1710
  16. Roth, F. X. and M. Kirchgesser. 1989. Influence of the methionine:cysteine relationship in the feed on the performance of growing pigs. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 61:265-274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.1989.tb00108.x
  17. Russell, L. E., G. L. Cromwell and T. S. Stahly. 1983. Tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine and methionine supplementation of a 12% protein, lysine-supplemented, corn-soybean meal diet for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 56:1115-1123. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1983.5651115x
  18. SAS. 2002. SAS/STAT at User's Guide (Release 9.2.0.1.0 Ed.). SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.
  19. Schutte, J. B., M. W. Bosch, J. de Jong, E. J. van Weerden and F. Koch. 1991. Factors affecting the requirement of dietary sulphur-containing amino acids of young pigs. Netherland J. Agric. Sci. 39:91-101.
  20. Slagle, S. P. and D. R. Zimmerman. 1979. Evaluation of a yeast single cell protein with young pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 49:1252- 1260. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1979.4951252x
  21. Van Kleef, D. J., K. Deuring and P. van Leeuwen. 1994. A new method of faeces collection in the pig. Lab. Anim. 28:78-79. https://doi.org/10.1258/002367794781065942
  22. Wang, T. C. and M. F. Fuller. 1989. The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs. 1. Experiments by amino acid deletion. Br. J. Nutr. 62:77-89. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19890009
  23. Welbourne, T. C., V. Phromphetcharat, G. Givens and S. Joshi. 1986. Regulation of interorganal glutamine flow in metabolic acidosis. Am. J. Physiol. 250(4 Pt 1):E457-E463.
  24. Yang, C. J., D. W. Lee, I. B. Chung, Y. M. Cho, I. S. Shin, B. J. Chae, J. H. Kim and In K. Han. 1997. Developing model equation to subdivide methionine+cystine requirements into requirement for growth and maintenance in pigs. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 10(1):86-97. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1997.86
  25. Zimmermann, B., R. Mosenthin, M. Rademacher, P. B. Lynch and E. Esteve-Garcia. 2005. Comparative studies on the relative efficacy of DL-methionine and liquid mechionine hydroxy analogue in growing pigs. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 18(7):1003-1010. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2005.1003