The Protective Effects of Ethanol Extract of Wild Simulated Ginseng on Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Acute Hepatic Injury in Mouse

사염화탄소 유발 급성 간독성 생쥐모델에서 산양삼 에탄올 추출물의 간 보호 효과

  • Lee, Soo-Min (Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Park, Sun-Young (Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Jang, Gi-Seuk (Borin Corp.) ;
  • Ly, Sun-Yung (Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University)
  • 이수민 (충남대학교 생활과학대학 식품영양학과) ;
  • 박선영 (충남대학교 생활과학대학 식품영양학과) ;
  • 장기석 ((주)보린) ;
  • 이선영 (충남대학교 생활과학대학 식품영양학과)
  • Published : 2008.12.31

Abstract

The wild simulated ginseng (WSG) has been effectively used in folk medicine as a remedy against hepatic disease, hypertension and arthritic disease. However, there is still lack of scientific proof about its antioxidant capability. The present study has been conducted to evaluate the protective role of the WSG ethanol extract in the CCl4-induced oxidative stress and resultant hepatic disfunction in ICR mice. The electron donating abilities and IC50 of WSG etnanol extract were 76.86 ${\pm}$ 1.06% and 33.3 ${\mu}g$/mL (that of ascobic acid was 16.5 ${\mu}g$/mL), respectively. Total antioxidant status of WSG extract was 2.13 ${\pm}$ 0.06 mmoL/mg, while the values of ascorbic acid and BHT were 3.63 ${\pm}$ 0.06 and 3.12 ${\pm}$ 0.02, respectively. ICR mice (aged 3weeks) were fed for 4 weeks on AIN-93M diet and had free access to food and water. The animals were divided into three groups: normal group (intraperitoneally (i.p) injected with PBS at 100 ${\mu}L$/mouse), group C; CCl4-induced and without any treatment. (i.p injected only PBS, 100 ${\mu}L$ /mice), group G; CCl4-induced and treated with WSG (i.p injected with 5 mg WSG extract per mouse, suspended in 100 ${\mu}L$ phosphate buffer). After the i.p. injection of WSG or PBS (5 times for 7weeks), all mice were administered CCl4 in olive oil at the last day of the experiment, except for normal group. The normal group was administered only olive oil. Determination of plasma triglyceride, total cholersterol, fasting glucose and GPT activity was performed using automatic blood analyzer. To evaluate the protective effect against the oxidative stress, DNA fragmentation and TBARS were determined in blood leucocytes and RBC and hepatocyte, respectively. Body and organs weights and food intake did not show significant differences among the groups. Blood total cholesterol of group G was similar to that of normal group, which was the lowest in group C. The fasting blood glucose level was the highest in normal group (205.20 ${\pm}$ 135.24), which were decreased in group C (134.2 ${\pm}$ 79.31) and group G (126.48 ${\pm}$ 77.05). TBARS values in a red blood cell and hepatic tisuue homogenate were lower in group G comparing to the group C. DNA% in tail, tail length (TL) and tail moment (TM) of blood leucoocytes showed the highest values in group C (20.11 ${\pm}$ 2.47, 17.36 ${\pm}$ 2.58, 94.11 ${\pm}$ 12.29) and they were significantly diminished in group G (9.63 ${\pm}$ 1.19, 7.04 ${\pm}$ 1.50, 38.64 ${\pm}$ 7.60). In conclusion, wild simulated ginseng might be a protective agent against the oxidative stress.

본 연구에서는 총항산화능 및 DPPH radicals 소거활성도를 통하여 항산화능을 확인한 산양삼 에탄올 추출물이 사염화탄소 투여로 급성 손상이 유도된 생쥐의 간에 대하여 보호 효능이 있는지를 확인하고자 하였다. 생리적 지표물질로 혈장 지질, GPT 활성, 혈장과 간의 TBARS 및 항산화효소 활성, 혈액 백혈구의 DNA fragmentation 등을 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 산양삼의 DPPH radicals 소거능은 76.85 ${\pm}$ 1.06%, IC50은 33.3 ${\mu}g$/mL였으며 총 항산화능은 2.13 ${\pm}$ 0.06 mmoL/mg으로 양성대조군으로 사용한 아스코르브산 (96.45 ${\pm}$ 0.07%, IC50 = 16.5 ${\mu}g$/mL, 3.63 ${\pm}$ 0.06 mmoL/mg)과 BHT (95.40 ${\pm}$ 0.71%, 3.12 ${\pm}$ 0.02 mmoL/mg) 보다는 낮았지만 천연물질로써는 높은 수준을 보였다. 장기 무게 및 식이 섭취량은 산양삼 추출물 투여 및 사염화탄소 처치 여부에 따라서 어떤 차이도 보이지 않았다. 혈장의 GPT와 혈중 트리글리세리드의 경우 정상대조군에 비해 사염화탄소단독투여군에서 유의하게 낮았으며, 산양삼 추출물 투여군에서는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 혈청 총콜레스테롤 농도는 사염화탄소단독 투여군 (84.5 ${\pm}$ 23.0 mg/dL)이 정상 대조군 (140.6 ${\pm}$ 30.3 mg/dL)에 비하여 유의하게 감소하였으며, 산양삼 추출물 투여군 (130.68 ${\pm}$ 31.33 mg/dL)은 정상대조군과 같은 수준이었다 (p < 0.001). 사염화탄소 단독투여군의 간조직에서 TBARS는 정상대조군 (N)에 비해 28.64% 유의하게 증가하였으며 산양삼 추출물 투여군은 정상대조군과 비슷한 수치를 보였으나 (p < 0.001) 적혈구내의 TBARS는 세 군간의 유의한 차이가 없었다. 간조직의 SOD의 활성은 산양삼 추출물 투여군에서 유의하게 증가하였으며, 적혈구에서는 이러한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그리고 적혈구내 GPx 활성은 사염화탄소 투여에 의해 20.1% 유의한 감소를 보였으며, 산양삼 추출액을 투여받은 군은 정상대조군의 수준을 유지하였다. 사염화탄소 투여군에서 혈장 백혈구의 tail DNA, tail length, tail moment 모든 값은 정상대조군에 비하여 각각 84.4%, 98.8%, 123.7% 증가하였으며, 산양삼 투여군에서는 이 모든 수치가 대조군의 수준으로 감소하였다 (p < 0.001). 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 5일간 산양삼 에탄올 추출물을 미리 투여한 후 사염화탄소로 급성 간 손상을 유도하였을 때 혈 중 콜레스테롤 대사를 개선하고, 간의 지질 과산화를 효과적으로 억제하였으며 간의 SOD와 적혈구 GPx의 효소 활성을 대조군 이상으로 유지시키고, 산화적 손상으로부터 DNA를 보호하는 등의 일부 생리 활성을 확인하였다. 그러나 이런 산양삼의 항산화 활성의 작용 기전에 대하여 확실히 규명되어 있지 않아 추후보다 세부적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Kim SJ, Shin SS, Seo BI, Ji SY. Effect of Mountain Grown Ginseng Radix, Mountain Cultivated Ginseng Radix, and Cultivated Ginseng Radix on apoptosis of HL-60 cells. Kor J Herbology 2004; 19(2): 41-50
  2. Hong MH, Lim HK, Park J, Jun NJ, Lee YJ, Cho M, Cho SK. The antihypertensive and vasodilating effects of adventitious root extracts of wild ginseng. J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem 2008; 51(2): 102-107 https://doi.org/10.3839/jabc.2008.017
  3. Kim JH, Kim JK. Antioxidant Activity and Functional Component Analysis of Korean Mountain Ginseng's Different Sections. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 2006; 35(10): 1315-1321 https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2006.35.10.1315
  4. Kwon KR, Cho AL, Lee SG. The study on acute and subacute toxicity and anti-cancer effects of cultivated wild ginseng herbal acupuncture. J Kor Inst Herb Acupunc 2003; 6(2): 7-27
  5. Yun SN, Moon SJ, Ko SK, Im BO, Chung SH. Wild ginseng prevents the on set of high-fat diet induced hyperglycemia and obesity in ICR mice. Arch Pham Res 2004; 27(7): 790-796 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02980150
  6. Kim YJ. Protective effects of cultivated ginseng, cultivated wild ginseng of Korean and Chinese against CC14 and t-BHP acute hepatotoxicity in ICR Mice [Master's thesis]. Wonju: Sangji University; 2007
  7. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidant in normal physiological funtions and human disease. Intern J Cell Biol 2007; 39: 44-84 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001
  8. Fridorich I. Biological effects of the superoxide radical. Arch Biophys 1986; 247: 1-11 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(86)90526-6
  9. Han BH, Park MH, Han YN. Studies on the antioxidant components of Korean Ginseng (V): The mechanism of antioxidant activity of maltol and phenolic acid. Korean Biochem J 1985; 18: 337-340
  10. Lee SE, Lee SW, Bang JK, Yu YJ, Seong NS. Antioxidant Activities Activities of Leaf, Stem and Root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Korean J Medicinal Crop Sci 2004; 12(3): 237-242
  11. Choi C, Kim K, Hong H, Choi S, Lee Y, Kim K, Rho J, Kim S, Kim Y. Phenolic acid composition and antioxidative activity of white ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2006; 30(1): 22-30 https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2006.30.1.022
  12. Jang HY, Park HS, Kwon KR, Rhim TJ. A study on the comparison of antioxidant effects among wild ginseng, cultivated wild ginseng, and cultivated ginseng extracts. J Kor Inst Herb Acupunc 2008; 11(3): 67-78
  13. Alam K, Nagi MN, Bardary OA, Al-Shabanah OA, Al-Rikabi AC, Al-Bekairi AM. The protective action of thymol against carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity in mice. Pharmacol Res 1999; 40: 159-163 https://doi.org/10.1006/phrs.1999.0472
  14. Reves PG, Nielsen FH, Fahey GC Jr. AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the american institute of nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. Am Inst Nutr 1993; 123: 1939-1951
  15. Malterud KE, Farbrot TL, Huse AE, Sund RB. Antioxidant and radical scavenging effects of anthraquinones and anthrones. Pahrmacology 1993; 47: 77-85
  16. McCusker CA, Fitzgerald SP. Measurement of total antioxidant status in beverages using a rapid automated method. Crumlin: Randox Laboratory Ltd.; 1996
  17. McCord JM, Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutase. An enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). J Biol Chem 1969; 244: 6049-6055
  18. Tappel AL. Glutatione peroxidase and hydroperoxidase. Method Enzymol 1978; 52: 506-513 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(78)52055-7
  19. Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein dye binding. Anal Biochem 1976; 72: 248-254 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
  20. Shinnburber RO, Yu TC. Characterization of the red pigment formed in 2-thiobarbituric acid determination of oxidation rancibility. Food Res 1958; 23: 620
  21. Lee EK. Effects of dietary fatty acids and protein sources on lipid metabolism and DMBA induced mammary tumors in rats. [dissertation]. Seoul: Hanyang University; 2000
  22. Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 1979; 95: 351-358 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3
  23. Park SY, Seo DY, Suh KS, Ly SY. Oxidative stress of mouse fed with $\gamma$-Irradiated soybean diet. Korean J Nutr 2007; 40(2): 138-146
  24. Suh DS. Establishment of classified system between Korean cultivated wild ginseng and chinese cultivated wild ginseng and studies on its property. Report of Ministry of Agriculture; 2007
  25. Han BH, Park MH, Man YN, Shin CS. Studies on the antioxidant components of Korean ginseng (IV) Antifatigue active components. Yakhak Hoeji 1984; 28: 231-235
  26. Zhou K, Yin JJ, Yu L. ESR determination of the reaction between selected phenolic acids and free radicals or transition metals. Food Chem 2006; 95: 446-457 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.01.026
  27. Choi CS, Kim KI, Hong HD, Choi SY, Lee YC, Kim KT, Rho JH, Kim SS, Kim YC. Phenolic acid composition and antioxidative activity of white ginseng (Panax ginseng, C. A. Meyer). J Ginseng Res 2006; 30(1): 22-30 https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2006.30.1.022
  28. Hashimoto H. Studies on metabolic characteristics of cirrhotic rat hepatocytes using primary culture. Nippon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 1990; 87: 1392-1400
  29. Honma T, Suda M. Changes in plasma lipoproteins as toxicity markers for carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and dichloromethane. Ind Health 1997; 35(4): 519-531 https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.35.519
  30. Doull J. Carbon tetrachloride In: Casarett and Doull's editor. Toxicology. New York: Macmillan publishing Co.; 1984. p.472-474
  31. Weber LW, Boll M, Stampfl A. Hepatotoxicity and mechanism of action of haloalkanes: carbon tetrachloride sa a toxicological model. Crit Rev Toxicol 2003; 33(2): 105-136 https://doi.org/10.1080/713611034
  32. Baik HJ. Antioxidant effects of crude saponin isolated from glycine max (L.) on CC14-induced acute liver injury model [dissertation]. Seoul: Hanyang University; 2000
  33. Kim YS, Yoo YS, Han EK, Kang IJ, Chung CK. Artemisia capillaris and paecilomyces japonica stimulate lipid metabolism and reduce hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 2008; 37(5): 548-554 https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2008.37.5.548
  34. Lee HJ, Yoon CG, Lee SI. Effects of dietary protein on the changes of lipoprotein fractions in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 1993; 22(2): 127-131
  35. Kim DW. Protective effect of fermented red ginseng on carbon tetrachloride-indeced hepatotoxicity in the liver of mouse. [dissertation]. Gunsan: Gunsan National University; 2007
  36. Park SN, Choi SW, Boo YC, Kim CK, Lee TY. Effects of flavonoids of ginseng leaves on erythrocyte membranes against singlet oxygen caused damage. Korean J Ginseng Sci 1990; 14: 191-199
  37. Zhang D, Yasuda T, Yu Y, Zheng P, Kawabata T, Ma Y, Okada S. Ginseng extract scavenges hydroxyl radical and protects unsaturated fatty acids from decomposition caused by iron-mediated lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 1996; 20: 145-150 https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(95)02020-9
  38. Greenwald RA, Cohen G. Oxygen radicals and their scavenger system. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co.; 1983. p.173
  39. Kim DJ. Effect of red ginseng saponins on antioxidative enzymes and materials in the liver of mice treated with paraquat [dissertation]. Gunsan: Gunsan National University; 2000
  40. Kim KH, Sung KS, Chang CC. Effects of the antioxidative components to ginsenoside in the liver of 40-week-old mice. J Ginseng Res 2000; 24(4): 162-167
  41. Olive PL, Banath JP. Sizing highly fragmented DNA in individual apoptotic cells using the comet assay and a DNA cross-linking agent. Exp Cell Res 1995; 221: 19-26 https://doi.org/10.1006/excr.1995.1348
  42. Seo DY, Park SY, Kang MH, Suh KS, Ly SY. Oxidative stress of mouse fed irradiated diet containing high unsaturated fatty acid. Korean J Nutr 2006; 39(7): 599-609
  43. Lim YS. Effect of Phellinus Inteus and red ginseng on the DNA damage by the reactive oxygen species. [Master's thesis]. Chuncheon: Hallym University; 2005
  44. Hwang HJ, Kwak YS, Yoon GA, Kang MH, Park JH, Lee BK, Kim SJ, Um SY, Kim YM. Combined effects of swim training and ginseng supplementation on exercise performance time, ROS, lymphocyte proliferation, and DNA damage following exhaustive exercise stress. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2007; 77(4): 289-296 https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.77.4.289