DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Concept and Measurement of Food Security

식품보장의 개념과 측정

  • Kim, Ki-Rang (Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University, College of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Mi-Kyung (Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University, College of Medicine) ;
  • Shin, Young-Jeon (Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University, College of Medicine)
  • 김기랑 (한양대학교 의과대학 예방의학교실) ;
  • 김미경 (한양대학교 의과대학 예방의학교실) ;
  • 신영전 (한양대학교 의과대학 예방의학교실)
  • Published : 2008.11.30

Abstract

Objectives : During the past two decades, food deprivation and hunger have been recognized to be not just the concerns of only underdeveloped or developing countries, but as problems for many affluent Western nations as well Many countries have made numerous efforts to define and measure the extent of these problems. Based on these efforts, the theory and practice of food security studies has significantly evolved during the last decades. Thus, this study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the concept and measurement of food security Methods and results : In this review, we introduce the definition and background of food security, we describe the impact of food insecurity on nutrition and health, we provide its measurements and operational instruments and we discuss its applications and implications. Some practical information for the use of the food security index in South Korea is also presented. Conclusions : Food security is an essential element in achieving a good nutritional and health status and it has an influence to reduce poverty The information about the current understanding of food security can help scientists, policy makers and program practitioners conduct research and maintain outreach programs that address the issues of poverty and the promotion of food security.

Keywords

References

  1. Food and Agriculture Organization in the United Nations. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2001. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization in the United Nations; 2002
  2. Habicht JP, Pelto G, Frongillo EA, Rose D. Conceptualization and Instrumentation of Food Insecurity. Proceedings of the Workshop on the Measurement of Food Insecurity and Hunger; 2004 July 15; Washington, DC. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2004. p. 1-18
  3. Wunderlich GS, Norwood JL. Food Insecurity and Hunger in the United States: An Assessment of the Measure. Washington, DC: Panel to Review U.S. Depart-ment of Agriculture's Measurement of Food Insecurity and Hunger, National Research Council; 2006
  4. United Nations. Report of the World Food Conference; 1974 November 5-16; Rome, IT. Rome: United Nations; 1975
  5. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. World Food Security: A Reappraisal of the Concepts and Approaches: Director General's Report. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 1983
  6. World Bank. Poverty and Hunger: Issues and Options for Food Security in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: World Bank; 1986
  7. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. International Conference on Nutrition: Final Report on the Conference. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 1992
  8. Anderson SA. Core indicators of nutritional state for difficult-to-sample populations. J Nutr 1990; 120 (Suppl 11): 1559-1600
  9. Food and Agriculture Organization in the United Nations. Rome Declaration on World Food Security and World Food Summit Plan of Action (World Food Summit); 1996 November 13-17; Rome, IT. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 1996
  10. Korea Health Industry Development Institute. Report on 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey: Nutrition Survey. Seoul: Korea Health Industry Development Institute; 2002.(Korean)
  11. Kwon SO, Oh SY. Association of household food insecurity with socioeconomic measures, health status and nutrient intake in low income elderly. Korean J Nutr 2007; 40(8): 762-768.(Korean)
  12. Oh SY, Hong MJ. Food insecurity is associated with dietary intake and body size of Korean children from low: Income families in urban areas. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57(12): 1598-1604 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601877
  13. Jang YK, Jung YJ, Moon HK, Yoon JS, Park HR. Community Nutrition. Seoul: Shin Kwang Publishing Co; 1998. (Korean)
  14. Korea Health Industry Development Institute. The Third Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES III), 2005: Nutrition Survey. Seoul: Korea Health Industry Development Institute; 2006.(Korean)
  15. Shim JS, Oh K, Nam CM. Association of household food security with dietary intake - Based on the third (2005) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES III). Korean J Nutr 2007; 41(2): 174-183.(Korean)
  16. Ministry of Health and Welfare. Health Plan 2010. Seoul: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2005. (Korean)
  17. Ha KS. Human Insecurity and Governance (Summer Academic Conference); 2007 June 7-8; Yongpyong, South Korea. Seoul: The Korea Association of International Studies; 2007.(Korean)
  18. Chun W. National security and human security. Korea Assoc Int Stud 2004; 44(1): 25-49
  19. Kim JD. The structure and dynamics of community food systems with reference to food circle in Missouri, USA. Korean J Community Living Sci 2006; 17(2): 139-152.(Korean)
  20. Soanes C, Stevenson A. Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005
  21. National Institute of the Korean Language. Standard Korean Language Dictionary. Seoul: National Institute of the Korean Language; c2008. [cited 2008 Aug 20]. Available from: URL:http://www.korean.go.kr/08_new/index.jsp.(Korean)
  22. USAID. Policy Determination 19: Definition of Food Security. Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development; 1992
  23. Riely F, Mock N, Cogill B, Bailey L, Kenefick E. Food Security Indicators and Framework for Use in the Monitoring and Evaluation of Food Aid Programs. Washington, DC: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project(FANTA), Academy for Educational Development, U.S. Agency for International Development; 1999
  24. Webb P, Harinarayan A. A measure of uncertainty : The nature of vulnerability and its relationship to malnutrition. Disasters 1999; 23(4): 292-305 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7717.00119
  25. Nef J. Human Security and Mutual Vulnerability: The Global Political Economy of Development and Underdevelopment, 2nd ed. Ottawa: International Development Centre; 1999
  26. Ullman RH. Redefining security. Int Secur 1983; 8(1): 129-153 https://doi.org/10.2307/2538489
  27. Rose D, Oliveira V. Nutrient intakes of individuals from food-insufficient households in the United States. Am J Public Health 1997; 87(12): 1956-1961 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.87.12.1956
  28. Tarasuk VS, Beaton GH. Women's dietary intakes in the context of household food insecurity. J Nutr 1999; 129(3): 672-679 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/129.3.672
  29. Bhattacharya J, Currie J, Haider S. Poverty, food insecurity, and nutritional outcomes in children and adults. J Health Econ 2004; 23(4): 839-862 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2003.12.008
  30. Casey PH, Szeto K, Lensing S, Bogle M, Weber J. Children in food-insufficient, lowincome families: Prevalence, health, and nutrition status. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001; 155(4): 508-514 https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.155.4.508
  31. Kirkpatrick SI, Tarasuk V. Food insecurity is associated with nutrient inadequacies among Canadian adults and adolescents. J Nutr 2008; 138(3): 604-612 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/138.3.604
  32. Lee JS, Frongillo EA Jr. Factors associated with food insecurity among U.S. elderly persons: importance of functional impairments. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2001; 56(2): S94-S99 https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/56.2.S94
  33. Lee JS, Frongillo EA Jr. Nutritional and health consequences are associated with food insecurity among U.S. elderly persons. J Nutr 2001; 131(5): 1503-1509 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.5.1503
  34. United Nations. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Geneva: United Nations; 2000. [cited 2008 Aug 20]. Available from: URL: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals
  35. Adams EJ, Grummer-Strawn L, Chavez G. Food insecurity is associated with increased risk of obesity in California women. J Nutr 2003; 133(4): 1070-1074 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.4.1070
  36. Alaimo K, Olson CM, Frongillo EA, Jr. Low family income and food insufficiency in relation to overweight in US children: is there a paradox? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001; 155(10): 1161-1167 https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.155.10.1161
  37. Casey PH, Simpson PM, Gossett JM, Bogle ML, Champagne CM, Connell C et al. The association of child and household food insecurity with childhood overweight status. Pediatrics 2006; 118(5): e1406-e1413 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-0097
  38. Gulliford MC, Nunes C, Rocke B. Food insecurity, weight control practices and body mass index in adolescents. Public Health Nutr 2006; 9(5): 570-574
  39. Kim KR, Frongillo EA. Participation in food assistance programs modifies the relation of food insecurity with weight and depression in elders. J Nutr 2007; 137(4): 1005-1010 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.4.1005
  40. Laraia BA, Siega-Riz AM, Evenson KR. Selfreported overweight and obesity are not associated with concern about enough food among adults in New York and Louisiana. Prev Med 2004; 38(2): 175-181 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.09.033
  41. Sarlio-Lahteenkorva S, Lahelma E. Food insecurity is associated with past and present economic disadvantage and body mass index. J Nutr 2001; 131(11): 2880-2884 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.11.2880
  42. Townsend MS, Peerson J, Love B, Achterberg C, Murphy SP. Food insecurity is positively related to overweight in women. J Nutr 2001; 131(6): 1738-1745 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.6.1738
  43. Wilde PE, Peterman JN. Individual weight change is associated with household food security status. J Nutr 2006; 136(5): 1395-1400 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.5.1395
  44. Dietz WH. Does hunger cause obesity? Pediatrics 1995; 95(5): 766-767
  45. Drewnowski A, Specter SE. Poverty and obesity: The role of energy density and energy costs. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79(1): 6-16 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.1.6
  46. Polivy J. Psychological consequences of food restriction. J Am Diet Assoc 1996; 96(6): 589-92 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(96)00161-7
  47. Frongillo EA. Understanding obesity and program participation in the context of poverty and food insecurity. J Nutr 2003; 133(7): 2117-2118 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.7.2117
  48. Laitinen J, Ek E, Sovio U. Stress-related eating and drinking behavior and body mass index and predictors of this behavior. Prev Med 2002; 34(1): 29-39 https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2001.0948
  49. Hamelin AM, Habicht JP, Beaudry M. Food insecurity: Consequences for the household and broader social implications. J Nutr 1999; 129(2S Suppl): 525S-528S https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/129.2.525S
  50. Olson CM. Nutrition and health outcomes associated with food insecurity and hunger. J Nutr 1999; 129(2S Suppl): 521S-524S https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/129.2.521S
  51. Cook JT, Frank DA, Berkowitz C, Black MM, Casey PH, Cutts DB, et al. Food insecurity is associated with adverse health outcomes among human infants and toddlers. J Nutr 2004; 134(6): 1432-1438 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.6.1432
  52. Klesges LM, Pahor M, Shorr RI, Wan JY, Williamson JD, Guralnik JM. Financial difficulty in acquiring food among elderly disabled women: Results from the Women's Health and Aging Study. Am J Public Health 2001; 91(1): 68-75 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.91.1.68
  53. Nelson K, Cunningham W, Andersen R, Harrison G, Gelberg L. Is food insufficiency associated with health status and health care utilization among adults with diabetes? J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16(6): 404-411 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016006404.x
  54. Vozoris NT, Tarasuk VS. Household food insufficiency is associated with poorer health. J Nutr 2003; 133(1): 120-126 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.1.120
  55. Alaimo K, Olson CM, Frongillo EA Jr, Briefel RR. Food insufficiency, family income, and health in US preschool and school-aged children. Am J Public Health 2001; 91(5): 781-786 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.91.5.781
  56. Whitaker RC, Sarin A. Change in food security status and change in weight are not associated in urban women with preschool children. J Nutr 2007; 137(9): 2134-2139 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.9.2134
  57. Alaimo K, Olson CM, Frongillo EA Jr. Food insufficiency and American school-aged children's cognitive, academic, and psychosocial development. Pediatrics 2001; 108(1): 44-53 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.108.3.e44
  58. Alaimo K, Olson CM, Frongillo EA. Family food insufficiency, but not low family income, is positively associated with dysthymia and suicide symptoms in adolescents. J Nutr 2002; 132(4): 719-725 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.4.719
  59. Whitaker RC, Phillips SM, Orzol SM. Food insecurity and the risks of depression and anxiety in mothers and behavior problems in their preschool-aged children. Pediatrics 2006; 118(3): e859-e868 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-0239
  60. Nelson K, Brown ME, Lurie N. Hunger in an adult patient population. JAMA 1998; 279(15): 1211-1214 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.15.1211
  61. Roe DA. In-home nutritional assessment of inner-city elderly. J Nutr 1990; 120 (Suppl 11): 1538-1543 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/120.suppl_11.1538
  62. Walker D, Beauchene RE. The relationship of loneliness, social isolation, and physical health to dietary adequacy of independently living elderly. J Am Diet Assoc 1991; 91(3): 300-304
  63. Vailas LI, Nitzke SA, Becker M, Gast J. Risk indicators for malnutrition are associated inversely with quality of life for participants in meal programs for older adults. J Am Diet Assoc 1998; 98(5): 548-553 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(98)00123-0
  64. Siefert K, Heflin CM, Corcoran ME, Williams DR. Food insufficiency and the physical and mental health of low-income women. Women Health 2001; 32(1-2): 159-177 https://doi.org/10.1300/J013v32n01_08
  65. Williamson DE, Birmaher B, Anderson BP, al-Shabbout M, Ryan ND. Stressful life events in depressed adolescents: the role of dependent events during the depressive episode. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34(5): 591-598 https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199505000-00011
  66. Miller JE, Korenman S. Poverty and children's nutritional status in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140(3): 233-243 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117242
  67. Lynch JW, Kaplan GA, Shema SJ. Cumulative impact of sustained economic hardship on physical, cognitive, psychological, and social functioning. N Engl J Med 1997; 337(26): 1889-1895 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199712253372606
  68. Aber JL, Bennett NG, Conley DC, Li J. The effects of poverty on child health and development. Annu Rev Public Health 1997; 18: 463-483 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.18.1.463
  69. Kleinman RE, Murphy JM, Little M, Pagano M, Wehler CA, Regal K et al. Hunger in children in the United States: Potential behavioral and emotional correlates. Pediatrics 1998; 101(1): E3
  70. Murphy JM, Wehler CA, Pagano ME, Little M, Kleinman RE, Jellinek MS. Relationship between hunger and psychosocial functioning in low-income American children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998; 37(2): 163-170 https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199802000-00008
  71. Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs. Health and Welfare White Paper 2004. Seoul: Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs; 2005.(Korean)
  72. Peterson KE, Chen LC. Defining undernutrition for public health purposes in the United States. J Nutr 1990; 120(8): 933-942 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/120.8.933
  73. Habicht JP, Pelletier DL. The importance of context in choosing nutritional indicators. J Nutr 1990; 120 (Suppl 11): 1519-1524 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/120.suppl_11.1519
  74. Trowbridge FL, Wong FL, Byers TE, Serdula MK. Methodological issues in nutrition surveillance: The CDC experience. J Nutr 1990; 120 (Suppl 11): 1512-1518 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/120.suppl_11.1512
  75. Allen LH. Functional indicators and outcomes of undernutrition. J Nutr 1990; 120(8): 924-932 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/120.8.924
  76. Alaimo K, Olson CM, Frongillo EA, Jr. Importance of cognitive testing for survey items: An example for food security questionnaires. J Nutr Educ 1999; 31(5): 269-275 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3182(99)70463-2
  77. Hamilton WL, Cook JT, Thompson WW, Buron LF, Frongillo EA, Olson CM, et al. Household Food Security in the United States in 1995: Summary Report of the Food Security Measurement Project. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1997
  78. Nord M, Andrews M, Carlson S. Household Food Security in the United States in 2005. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Department of Agri culture; 2006
  79. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Proceedings Measurement and Assessment of Food Deprivation and Undernutrition (International Scientific Symposium); 2002 June 26-28; Rome, IT. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2003
  80. Webb P, Coates J, Frongillo EA, Rogers BL, Swindale A, Bilinsky P. Measuring household food insecurity: why it's so important and yet so difficult to do. J Nutr 2006; 136(5): 1404S-1408S https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.5.1404S
  81. Maxwell S, Slater R. Food policy old and new. Dev Policy Rev 2003; 21(5-6): 531-553 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8659.2003.00222.x
  82. Frongillo EA Jr. Validation of measures of food insecurity and hunger. J Nutr 1999; 129(2S Suppl): 506S-509S https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/129.2.506S
  83. Radimer KL, Olson CM, Campbell CC. Development of indicators to assess hunger. J Nutr 1990; 120 (Suppl 11): 1544-1548 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/120.suppl_11.1544
  84. Wehler CA, Scott RI, Anderson JJ, Summer L, Parker L. Community Childhood Hunger Identification Project: A Survey of Childhood Hunger in the United States. Washington, DC: Food Research and Action Center; 1995
  85. Wolfe WS, Olson CM, Kendall A, Frongillo EA. Hunger and food insecurity in the elderly. Its nature and measurement. J Aging Health 1998; 10(3): 327-350 https://doi.org/10.1177/089826439801000304
  86. Wehler CA, Scott RI, Anderson JJ. The community childhood hunger identification project: A model of domestic hungerdemonstration project in Seattle, Washington. J Nutr Educ 1992; 24(Suppl 1): 29S-35S https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3182(12)80049-5
  87. Keenan DP, Olson C, Hersey JC, Parmer SM. Measures of food insecurity/security. J Nutr Educ 2001; 33(Suppl 1): S49-S58 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60010-9
  88. Bickel G, Nord M, Price C, Hamilton WL, Cook JT. Guide to measuring household food security. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service; 2000. [cited 2008 Aug 20]. Available from: URL:http://www.fns.usda. gov/fsec/FILES/FSGuide.pdf
  89. Coates J, Frongillo EA, Rogers BL, Webb P, Wilde PE, Houser R. Commonalities in the experience of household food insecurity across cultures: What are measures missing? J Nutr 2006; 136(5): 1438S-1448S https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.5.1438S
  90. Radimer KL, Olson CM, Greene JC, Campbell CC, Habicht JP. Understanding hunger and developing indicators to assess it in women and children. J Nutr Educ 1992; 24(Suppl 1): 36S-44S https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3182(12)80137-3
  91. Rose D. Economic determinants and dietary consequences of food insecurity in the United States. J Nutr 1999; 129(2S Suppl): 517S-520S https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/129.2.517S
  92. Wolfe WS, Frongillo EA. Understanding food insecurity in the elderly: A conceptual framework. J Nutr Educ 1996; 28(2): 92-100 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3182(96)70034-1
  93. Wolfe WS, Frongillo EA, Valois P. Understanding the experience of food insecurity by elders suggests ways to improve its measurement. J Nutr 2003; 133(9): 2762-2769 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.9.2762
  94. Nord M, Hopwood H. Recent advances provide improved tools for measuring children s food security. J Nutr 2007; 137(3): 533-536 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.3.533
  95. Korea Health Industry Development Institute. In-depth Analysis on the 3rd (2005) Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Nutrition Survey. Seoul: Korea Health Industry Development Institute; 2007.(Korean)
  96. Jones SJ, Jahns L, Laraia BA, Haughton B. Lower risk of overweight in school-aged food insecure girls who participate in food assistance: Results from the panel study of income dynamics child development supplement. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003; 157(8): 780-784 https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.157.8.780
  97. Lee JS, Frongillo EA Jr. Understanding needs is important for assessing the impact of food assistance program participation on nutritional and health status in U.S. elderly persons. J Nutr 2001; 131(3): 765-773 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.3.765
  98. Perez-Escamilla R, Ferris AM, Drake L, Haldeman L, Peranick J, Campbell M, et al. Food stamps are associated with food security and dietary intake of inner-city preschoolers from Hartford, Connecticut. J Nutr 2000; 130(11): 2711-2717 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.11.2711
  99. World Bank. Consultations with the Poor: Methodology Guide for the 20 Country Study for World Development Report 2000/2001. Washington, DC: World Bank; 1999
  100. World Bank. Poverty Trends and Voices of the Poor, 4th ed. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2001

Cited by

  1. 식품 보장 측정의 개발과 타당도 연구 vol.42, pp.4, 2008, https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2009.42.4.374
  2. 한국 어린이 식생활 안전지수의 평가 지표 개발 vol.44, pp.1, 2011, https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2011.44.1.49
  3. 국민건강영양조사 식품안정성 측정 도구 개발 vol.44, pp.6, 2008, https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2011.44.6.551
  4. 질적 연구를 통한 삶의 맥락적 관점에서의 노인의 도시락 및 밑반찬 배달 서비스에 대한 수용 태도 및 적응에 대한 이해 vol.19, pp.5, 2008, https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.5.459
  5. 한국 노인의 식품안정성에 따른 인구사회학적 특성, 영양섭취상태 및 정신건강상태: 2008-2010년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 vol.20, pp.1, 2008, https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.1.30
  6. 우리나라 노인의 식품불안정성 및 관련 요인: 2013년 국민건강영양조사자료 vol.21, pp.4, 2008, https://doi.org/10.14373/jkda.2015.21.4.308
  7. 한국 성인의 식품안정성과 우울증 연관성 vol.17, pp.1, 2008, https://doi.org/10.5762/kais.2016.17.1.62
  8. 한국 성인의 식품안정성에 따른 연령별 건강 및 영양섭취상태 : 2010~2012년 국민 건강영양조사 자료를 활용하여 vol.50, pp.6, 2008, https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2017.50.6.603
  9. 서울시 일부 취약계층 노인에서 맞춤형 영양중재 프로그램에 따른 식품안정성 확보 및 건강·영양상태 개선 효과 vol.53, pp.4, 2008, https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2020.53.4.416
  10. Effects of Perceived Food Store Environment on Malnutrition and Frailty among the Food-Insecure Elderly in a Metropolitan City vol.13, pp.7, 2008, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072392