Nutrition Research and Practice

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
권호 표지

Dietary chitosan enhances hepatic CYP7A1 activity and reduces plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations in diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats

  • Moon, Min-Sun (Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Lee, Mak-Soon (Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Kim, Chong-Tai (Food NanoBio Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute) ;
  • Kim, Yang-Ha (Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Ewha Womans University)
  • Published : 2007.09.20
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The present study was performed to elucidate the hypocholesterolemic action of chitosan on the diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=24) were fed with chitosan-free diet (Control), diets containing 2% or 5% chitosan for 4 weeks. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by adding 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid to all diets. Body weight gain and food intake of rats did not differ among the groups. The chitosan treated groups showed significant improvement in the plasma concentration of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol compared to the control group (p<0.05). Also, the chitosan treated groups decreased the liver concentration of total lipid and total cholesterol compared to the control group (p<0.05). The activity of hepatic cholesterol $7{\alpha}-hydroxylase$ (CYP7A1), the rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids, was increased by 123% and 165% for the 2% or 5% chitosan diets, respectively. These findings suggest that enhancement of hepatic CYP7A1 activity may be a mechanism, which can partially account for the hypocholesterolemic effect of dietary chitosan in cholesterol metabolism.

Keywords

References

  1. Assmann G, Cullen P, Jossa F, Lewis B & Mancini M (1999). Coronary heart disease: reducing the risk: the scientific background to primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. A worldwide view. International task force for the prevention of coronary heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:1819-1824 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.19.8.1819
  2. Bokura H & Kobayashi S (2003). Chitosan decreases total cholesterol in women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 57:721-725 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601603
  3. Bradford M (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248-254 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
  4. Castelli WP, Garrison RJ, Wilson PW, Abbott RD, Kalousdian S & Kannel WB (1986). Incidence of coronary heart disease and lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The framingham study. JAMA 256: 2835-2838 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.256.20.2835
  5. Chiang MT, Yao HT & Chen HC (2000). Effect of dietary chitosans with different viscosity on plasma lipids and lipid peroxidation in rats fed on a diet enriched with cholesterol. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 64:965-971 https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.64.965
  6. Danielsson H & Sjovall J (1975). Bile acid metabolism. Annu Rev Biochem 44:233-253 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.44.070175.001313
  7. Ebihara K & Schneeman BO (1989). Interaction of bile acids, phospholipids, cholesterol and triglyceride with dietary fibers in the small intestine of rats. J Nutr 119:1100-1106 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/119.8.1100
  8. Folch J, Lees M & Sloane Stanley GH (1956). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 223:448-451
  9. Friedewald WT & Levey RI (1972). Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 18:499-502
  10. Fukada Y, Kimura K & Ayaki Y (1991). Effect of chitosan feeding on intestinal bile acid metabolism in rats. Lipids 26:395-399 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02537206
  11. Gallaher CM, Munion J, Hesslink R Jr, Wise J & Gallaher DD (2000). Cholesterol reduction by glucomannan and chitosan is mediated by changes in cholesterol absorption and bile acid and fat excretion in rats. J Nutr 130:2753-2759
  12. Gallaher DD, Gallaher CM, Mahrt GJ, Carr TP, Hollingshead CH, Hesslink R Jr & Wise J (2002). A Glucomannan and Chitosan Fiber Supplement Decreases Plasma Cholesterol and increases cholesterol excretion in overweight normo-cholesterolemic Humans. J Am Coll Nutr 21:428-433 https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2002.10719246
  13. Grundy SM (1986). Cholesterol and coronary heart disease: a new era. JAMA 256:2849-2858 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.256.20.2849
  14. Guha S, Pal SK, Chatterjee N, Sarkar G, Pal S, Guha S, Basu AK & Banerjee R (2005). Effect of chitosan on lipid levels when administered concurrently with atorvastatin-a placebo controlled study. J Indian Med Assoc 103:418-420
  15. Guorong X, Lu-xing P, Hai L, Quan S, Akira H, Sarah S, Jaya B, Yasushi MG, Stephen T & Gerald S (2004). Dietary cholesterol stimulates CYP7A1 in rats because farnesoid X receptor is not activated. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver physiol 286:G730-G735 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00397.2003
  16. Hendler SS & Rorvik D (2001). PDR for nutritional supplements. Montvale NJ: medical ecomomics. Thomson Healthcare, New York. USA
  17. Hossain S, Rahman A, Kabir Y, Shams AA, Afros F & Hashimoto M (2007). Effects of shrimp (Macrobracium rosenbergii)-derived chitosan on plasma lipid profile and liver lipid peroxide levels in normo- and hypercholesterolaemic rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 34:170-176 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04568.x
  18. Kelly M (2003). Chitosan for weight loss and cholesterol management. Am J health syst pharm 60:1310-1315
  19. LeHoux JG & Grondin F (1993). Some effects of chitosan on liver function in the rat. Endocrinology 132:1078-1084 https://doi.org/10.1210/en.132.3.1078
  20. Maezaki Y, Tsuji K, Nakagawa Y, Kawai Y & Akimoto M (1993). Hypocholesterolemic effect of chitosan in adult males. Biosci Biotech Biochem 57:1439-1444 https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.57.1439
  21. Murata Y, Nagaki K, Kofuji K, Sanae F, Kontani H & Kawashima S (2006). Adsorption of bile acid by chitosan salts prepared with cinnamic acid and analogue compounds. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 17:781-789 https://doi.org/10.1163/156856206777656517
  22. Muzzarelli RAA (1977). Enzymatic synthesis of chitin and chitosan. Occurrence of chitin. In Chitin, p.5-17. Pergamon Press, New York. USA
  23. National Research Council (1985). Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. Publication No. 85-123. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. USA
  24. Neaton JD, Kuller LH, Wentworth D & Borhani NO (1984). Total and cardiovascular mortality in relation to cigarette smoking, plasma cholesterol concentration and diastolic blood pressure among black and white males followed up for five years. Am Heart J 108:759-769 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(84)90669-0
  25. Oda H, Okumura Y, Hitomi Y, Ozaki K, Nagaoka S & Yoshida A (1989). Effect of dietary methionine and polychlorinated biphenyls on cholesterol metabolism in rats fed a diet containing soy protein isolate. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 35:333-348 https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.35.333
  26. Spady DK, Cuthbert JA, Willard MN & Meidall RS (1996). Feedback regulation of hepatic $7{\alpha}-hydroxylase$ expression by bile salts in the hamster. J Biol Chem 271:18623-18631 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.31.18623
  27. Sugano M, Fujikawa T, Hiratsuji Y, Nakashima K, Furada N & Hasegawa Y (1980). A novel use of chitosan as a hypocholesterolemic agent in rats. Am J Clin Nutr 33:787-793 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/33.4.787
  28. Turley SD & Dietschy JM (1988). The metabolism and excretion of cholesterol by the liver. In The liver: Biology and Pathobiology, p.617-639. Raven Press, New York. USA
  29. Xu G, Huang X, Qiu L, Wu J & Hu Y (2007). Mechanism study of chitosan on lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemic rats. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 16:313-317