참고문헌
- Vincent JL. Nosocomial infections in adult intensivecare units, Lancet 2003;361:2068-77 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13644-6
- Richards MJ, Edwards JR, Culver DH, Gaynes RP, Nosocomial infections in combined medical-surgical intensive care units in the United States, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000;21:510-5 https://doi.org/10.1086/501795
- Pruitt BA Jr., McManus AT. Opportunistic infections in severely burned patients. Am J Med 1984;76: 146-54
- Darling GE, Keresteci MA, Ibanez D, Pugash RA, Peters WJ, Neligan PC. Pulmonary complications in inhalation injuries with associated cutaneous burn. J Trauma 1996;40:83-9 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199601000-00016
- Kimura A, Mochizuki T, Nishizawa K, Mashiko K, Yamamoto Y, Otsuka T. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylo- coccus aureus pneumonia in severely burned patients. J Trauma 1998;45:383-7 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199808000-00032
- Rue LW 3rd, Cioffi WG, Mason AD Jr, McManus WF, Pruitt BA Jr, The risk of pneumonia in thermally injured patients requiring ventilatory support. J Burn Care Rehabil 1995;16:262-8 https://doi.org/10.1097/00004630-199505000-00008
- Taylor GD, Kibsey P, Kirkland T, Burroughs E, Tredget E, Predominance of staphylococcal organisms in infections occurring in a bums intensive care unit. Burns 1992;18:332-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4179(92)90158-Q
- Shirani KZ, Pruitt BA Jr, Mason AD Jr, The influence of inhalation injury and pneumonia on hum mortality. Ann Surg 1987;205:82-7 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-198701000-00015
- Wurtz R, Karajovic M, Dacumos E, Jovanovic B, Hanumadass M. Nosocomial infections in a burn intensive care unit. Burns 1995;21:181-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4179(95)80005-9
- Luna CM, Videla A, Mattera J, Vay C, Famiglietti A, Vujacich P, et al. Blood cultures have limited value in predicting severity of illness and as a diagnostic tool in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1999;116: 1075-84 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.116.4.1075
- Croce MA, Fabian TC, Waddle-Smith L, Melton SM, Minard G, Kudsk KA, et al. Utility of Cram's stain and efficacy of quantitative cultures for posttraumatic pneumonia: a prospective study, Ann Surg 1998;227: 743-51; discussion 51-5 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-199805000-00015
- Torres A, Martos A, Puig de la Bellacasa J, Ferrer M, el-Ebiary M, Gonzalez J, et al. Specificity of endotracheal aspiration, protected specimen brush, and bronchoalveolar lavage in mechanically ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:952-7 https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/147.4.952
- Chastre J, Fagon JY. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:867-903 https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.165.7.2105078
- Croce MA, Fabian TC, Schurr MJ, Boscarino R, Pritchard FE, Minard G, et al. Using bronchoalveolar lavage to distinguish nosocomial pneumonia from systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a prospective analysis. J Trauma 1995;39:1134-9; discussion 9-40 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199512000-00022
- Meduri GU, Wunderink RG, Leeper KV, Beals DH. Management of bacterial pneumonia in ventilated patients. Protected bronchoalveolar lavage as a diagnostic tool. Chest 1992;101:500-8 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.101.2.500
- Jolis R, Castella J, Puzo C, Coll P, Abeledo C. Diagnostic value of protected BAL in diagnosing pulmonary infections in immunocompromised patients. Chest 1996;109:601-7 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.109.3.601
- Pereira Gomes JC, Pedreira Jr WL Jr, Araujo EM, Soriano FG, Negri EM, Antonangelo L, et al, Impact of BAL in the management of pneumonia with treatment failure: positivity of BAL culture under antibiotic therapy. Chest 2000;118:1739-46 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.118.6.1739
- Trouillet JL, Chastre J, Vuagnat A, Joly-Guillou ML, Combaux D, Dombret MC, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by potentially drug-resistant bacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:531-9 https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.157.2.9705064
- Chastre J, Fagon JY, Bornet-Lecso M, Calvat S, Dombret MC, Khani R, et al. Evaluation of bronchoscopic techniques for the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152: 231-40 https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.152.1.7599829
- National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. Approved standard M2-A6. Villanova, Pa: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards; 1999
- Flaherty JP, Weinstein RA. Nosocomial infection caused by antibiotic-resistant organisms in the intensive-care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17:236-48 https://doi.org/10.1086/647287
- Ewig S, Torres A, El-Ebiary M, Fabregas N, Hernanedez C, Gonzalez J, et al. Bacterial colonization patterns in mechanically ventilated patient with traumatic and medical head injury. Incidence, risk factors, and association with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159:188-98 https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.9803097
- Fagon JY, Chastre J, Domart Y, Trouillet JL, Pierre J, Darne C, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation. Prospective analysis of 52 episodes with use of a protected specimen brush and quantitative culture techniques. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;139:877-84 https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/139.4.877
- Brun-Buisson C, Sollet JP, Schweich H, Briere S, Petit C. Treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia with piperacillin-tazobactam/amikacin versus ceftazidime/ amikacin: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. VAP Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:346-54 https://doi.org/10.1086/516294
- Joshi M, Bernstein J, Solomkin J, Wester BA, Kuye O. Piperacillin/tazobactam plus tobramycin versus ceftazidime plus tobramycin for the treatment of patients with nosocomial lower respiratory tract infection, Plperacillin/tazobactam Nosocomial Pneumonia Study Group. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993;43:389-97 https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/43.3.389
- Rahal JJ, Urban C, Horn D, Freeman K, Segal- Maurer S, Maurer J, et al. Class restriction of cephalosporin use to control total cephalosporin resistance in nosocomial Klebsiella. JAMA 1998;280: 1233-7 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.14.1233
- Babini GS, Livermore DM. Antimicrobial resistance amongst Klebsiella spp. collected from intensive care units in Southern and Western Europe in 1997-1998. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;45:183-9 https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/45.2.183
- Bradford PA Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in the 21st century: characterization, epidemiology, and detection of this important resistance threat, Clin Microbiol Rev 2001;14:933-51 https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.14.4.933-951.2001
- Chastre J, Trouillet JL, Vuagnat A, Joly-Guillou ML, Clavier H, Dombret MC, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1165-72 https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.157.4.9708057
- Bergmans DC, Bonten MJ, Gaillard CA, Paling JC, van der Geest S, van Tiel FH, et al. Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia by oral decontamination: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:382-8 https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.164.3.2005003
- Valles J, Artigas A, Rello J, Bonsoms N, Fontanals D, Blanch L, et al. Continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:179-86 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.122.2.179
- Shorr AF, O'Malley PG. Continuous subglottic suctioning for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: potential economic implications, Chest 2001;119:228-35 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.119.1.228
- Fagon JY, Chastre J, Wolff M, Gervais C, Parer-Aubas S, Stephan F, et al. Invasive and noninvasive strategies for management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:621-30
- Raymond DP, Pelletier SJ, Crabtree TD, Gleason TG, Hamm LL, Pruett TL, et al. Impact of a rotating empiric antibiotic schedule on infectious modality in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2001;29:1101-8 https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200106000-00001
- Ibrahim EH, Ward S, Sherman G, Schaiff R, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH Experience with a clinical guideline for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med 2001;29:1109-15 https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200106000-00003