The Effects of Silvopastoral Practice on Changes of Understory Vegetation in a Japanese Larch (Larix kaempferi) Plantation

  • Kang, Sung Kee (Forest Human Resources Development Institute) ;
  • Kim, Ji Hong (College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University)
  • Received : 2006.08.31
  • Accepted : 2006.02.20
  • Published : 2007.06.30

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of thinning on changes in stand characteristics and understory vegetation in a silvopasture practiced Japanese larch plantation in the Research Forest of Kangwon National University, Korea. Three different thinning intensities (64%, 35%, and control) were applied. Before and after thinning, the understory plant species increased its number from 48 (7 tree species, 7 shrubs species, 28 herbaceous species, and 6 woody climbers) to 100 (11 tree species, 15 shrub species, 67 herbaceous species, and 7 woody climbers). Thinning made plants invade easily on the forest floor, and plot A (325 stems/ha) had much higher number of undersory species than those Of plot B (575 stems/ha) and control plot (1,150 stems/ha). In three years after thinning, understory aboveground biomass (kg/ha) of herbs were 523 for control, 1,230 for plot B, and 1,288 for plot A. The canopy coverage had remarkable influence on the understory biomass production, resulting in relatively small amount of herbage production on control plot. The differences were statistically significant between thinned plots and unthinned plot, but there were no significant differences among the thinned plots (p<0.05).

Keywords

References

  1. Anderson, G. W. and F. E. Batini. 1983. Pasture, sheep and timber production from agro-forestry systems with subterranean clover sown under 15 year-old Pinus radiata by a method simulating aerial seeding. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 23: 123-130 https://doi.org/10.1071/EA9830123
  2. Anderson, M. C. 1964. Stand structure and light penetration. II. A theoretical analysis. Journal of Applicable Ecology. 3: 41-54
  3. Bakker, J. P. 1989. Nature management by grazing and cutting. On the ecological significance of grazing and cutting regimes applied to restore former species-rich grassland communities in the Netherlands. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht
  4. Battles, J. J., A. J. Shlisky, R. H. Barrett, R. C. Heald, and B. H. Allen-Diaz. 2001. The effects of forest management on plant species diversity in a Sierran conifer forest. Forest Ecology and Management 146: 211-222 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00463-1
  5. Bisbee, K. E., S. T. Gower, J. M. Norman, and E. V. Nordheim. 2001. Environmental controls on ground cover species composition and productivity in a boreal black spruce forest. Oecologia 129: 261-270 https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420100719
  6. Braun-Blanque, H. M. 1964. Pflanzensoziologie. WienYew York. pp. 865
  7. Braziotis, D. 1993. Effects of tree density, fertilizationand grazing on seasonal changes of understory vegetation in a Pinus maritima plantation. M.S. Thesis, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Creter, pp. 100
  8. Brissette, J. C. and R. M. Frank. 1999. pp. 87-93. In: Wagner, R. (Ed.), precommercial thinning in mixed northern conifers: result of study at the Penobscot Experimental Forest. Thinning in the Maine forest. Maine Cooperative Forestry Research Unit, Orono, ME
  9. Brissette, J. C., R. M. Frank, T. L. Stone, and T. A. Skratt. 1999. Precommercial thinning in a northern conifer stand: 18.year results. Forest. Chronology 75: 967-972 https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc75967-6
  10. Brown, M. J., and G. G. Parker. 1994. Canopy light transmittance in a chronosequence of mixed species deciduous forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24: 1694-1703 https://doi.org/10.1139/x94-219
  11. Burton, G. W. 1973. Integrating forest trees with improved pastures. pp. 41-49. In: Campbell, R. S. and W. T. Keller. (Ed.), Range resources of the southeastern United States. ASA Special Publication no. 21. ASA, Madison, WI
  12. Cannell, M. G. R. and J. Grace. 1993. Competition for light: detection measurement, and quantification. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23: 1969-1979 https://doi.org/10.1139/x93-248
  13. Clason, T. E. and S. H. Sharrow. 2000. Silvopastoral practices. pp. 119-147. In: Garrett H. E., Rietveld W. J. and Fisher R. E. (Ed.), North American Agroforestry: An Integrated Science and Practice. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
  14. Crouch, G. L. 1986. Effects of thinning pole-sized lodgepole pine on understory vegetation and large herbivore activity in central Colorado. USDA For. Servo Rocy Mountain Res. Stat. Res. Pap. RM-268
  15. Fujimori, D. 2003. Ecological and Silvicultural Strategics for Sustainable Forest Management. Elsevier, Inc., Netherlands. pp. 398
  16. Garrett, H. E., M. S. Kerley, K. P. Ladyman, W. D. Walter, L. D. Godsey, J. W. Van Sanmbeek, and D. K. Brauer. 2004. Hardwood silvopasture management in North America. Agroforestry Systems 61: 21-33 https://doi.org/10.1023/B:AGFO.0000028987.09206.6b
  17. Harrington, C. A. and D. L. Reukenma. 1983. Initial shock and long-tenn stand development following thinning in a Douglas-fir plantation. Forest Sciences 29: 33-46
  18. Harrington, T. B. and M. B. Edwards. 1999. Understory vegetation, resource availability, and litterfall response to pine thinning and woody vegetation control in long leaf pine plantations. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29: 1055-1064 https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-29-7-1055
  19. Hawke, M. F. 1991. Pasture production and animal perfonnance under pine agroforestry in New Zealand. Forest Ecology and Management 45: 109-118 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(91)90210-M
  20. He, F. and H. J. Barclay. 2000. Long-tenn response of understory plant species to thinning and fertilization in a Douglas-fir plantation on southern Vancouver Island, British Colurnbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30: 566-572 https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-30-4-566
  21. Hungerford, R. D. 1987. Predicting response of understory vegetation to stand treatment: consequences for multi-resource management. USDA For. Serv. Intenn. Res. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-237
  22. Ito, S., M. Nakagawa, G. P. Buckley, and K. Nogami. 2003. Species richness in sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. DON) plantations in southeastern Kyushu, Japan: the effects of stand type and age on understory trees and shrubs. Journal of Forest Research 8: 49-57 https://doi.org/10.1007/s103100300005
  23. Johnstone, W. D. 1981. Precommercial thinning speeds growth and development of lodgepole pine: 25 year results. Inf. Rep. NORX-237. Canadian Forest Services Northern Forestry Research Centre, Edmonton, Alta
  24. Kang, S. K., H. M. Yang, and J. H. Kim. 2002. The comparison of stand structure and tree growth between the pasture area and the nearby deciduous forest. Journal of Korea Forestry Energy 21(2): 51-61. (in Korean with English abstrl,ict)
  25. Kangwon National University. 1999. Forest resources management planning. 1055pp
  26. Ker, M. F. 1987. Effects of spacing balsam fir: 25-year results from the Green River spacing trials. pp. 58-75. In: Murray, T.S., Comeron, M.D. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Precommercial Thinning Workshop. Canadian Forest Service, Fredericton, New Brunswick
  27. Kim, J. S, Y. H. Son, and Z. S. Kim. 1995. Allometry and canopy dynamics of Pinus rigida, Larix leptolepis, and Quercus serrata stands in Yangpyeong area. Journal of Korean Forest Society 84(2): 186-197
  28. Klinka, K., Q. Wang, G. J. Kayahara, R. E. Carter, and B. A. Blackwell. 1992. Light-growth response relationships in Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa). Canadian Journal of Botany 70: 1919-1930 https://doi.org/10.1139/b92-239
  29. Korea Forest Service. 2001. Tree Volume Table. 279pp. (in Korean)
  30. Korea Forest Service. 2005. Statistical Yearbook of Forestry. 452pp. (in Korean
  31. Korea Meteorological Administration. 2002. Statistical Database
  32. Krueger, W. C. 1981. How a forest affects a forage crop. Rangelands 3: 70-71
  33. Kull, K. and M. Zobel. 1991. High species richness in an Estonian wooded meadow. Journal of Vegetation Science 2: 711-714 https://doi.org/10.2307/3236181
  34. Leak, W. B. and D. S. Solomon. 1997. Long-tenn growth of crop trees after release in northern hardwoods. N. J. Appl. For. 14: 147-151
  35. Lee, D. K., H. S. Kang, and Y. D. Park. 2004. Natural restoration of deforested woodlots in South Korea. Forest Ecology and Management 201: 23-32 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.06.019
  36. Lee, H. S. and J. D. Lee. 1989. Studies on the improvement and utilization of pasture on the forest HI, seasonal herbage production and utilization of pasture on the forest. Journal of Korean Grassland Society 9(1): 714. (in Korean with English abstract)
  37. Lewis, C. E., G. W. Burton, W. G. Monson, and W. C. McCormic. 1983. Integration of pines, pastures, and cattle in south Geogia, USA. Agroforestry System 1: 277-297 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00155936
  38. Lewis, C. E. 1989. Herbage yield response to the maturation of a slash pine plantation. Journal of Range Manage 42(3): 191-195 https://doi.org/10.2307/3899470
  39. Lieffers, V. J. and K. J. Stadt. 1994. Growth of understory Picea glauca, Calamagrostis canadensis, and Epilobium angustifolium in relation to overstory light. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24: 1193-1198 https://doi.org/10.1139/x94-157
  40. Lindgren, P. M. F. and T. P. Sullivan. 2001. Influence of alternative vegetation management treatments on conifer plantation attributes: abundance, species diversity, and structural diversity. Forest Ecology and Management 142: 163-182 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00348-0
  41. MacLean, D. A. and M. G. Moran. 1983. Long-term growth and yield response of young fir to manual and chemical release from shrub competition. Forest Chronology 59: 177-183 https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc59177-4
  42. Martinez Pasture, G., P. L. Peri, M. C. Fernandez, G. Staffieri, and M. V. Lencinas. 2002. Changes in understory species diversity during the Nothofagus pumilio forest management cycle. Journal of Forest Research 7: 165-174 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02762606
  43. McConnel, B. Rand J. R. Smith. 1965. Understory response three years after thinning pine. Journal of Range Manage 18: 129-132 https://doi.org/10.2307/3895622
  44. McCormack, M. L. and R. C. Lemin. 1998. Crop tree conditions after one herbicide release and precommercial thinning of natural spruce-fir regeneration in Northwestern Maine, USA. In: Wagner, RG, Thompson, D.G (Ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Forest Vegetation Management: Popular Summaries. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Forest Resources Informational Paper No. 141
  45. Medhurst, J. L., C. L. Beadle, and W. A. Nielson. 2001. Early-age and later-age thinning affects growth, dominance, and intraspecific competition in Eucalyptus nineteens plantations. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research 31: 187-197 https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-31-2-187
  46. Merwin, M. L. 1997. The status, opportunities and needs for agroforestry in the United States: A national report. Association for Temperate Agroforestry. Center for Agroforestry, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia
  47. Messier, C. and P. Puttonen. 1995. Spatial and temporal variation in the light environment of developing Scots pine stands: the basis for a quick and efficient method of characterizing light. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25: 343-354 https://doi.org/10.1139/x95-038
  48. Papanastasis, V. P., Z. Koukoura, D. Alifragis, and J. Makedos. 1995. Effects of thinning, fertilization and sheep grazing on the understory vegetation of Pinus pinaster plantations. Forest Ecology and Management 77: 181-189 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(95)03545-L
  49. Parent, S. and C. Messier. 1996. A simple and efficient method to estimate microsite light availability under a forest canopy. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26: 151-154 https://doi.org/10.1139/x26-017
  50. Pothier, D. 2002. Twenty-year results of precommercial thinning in a balsam fir stand. Forest Ecology and Management 168: 177-186 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00738-1
  51. Rounkiaer, C. 1934. Life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford. New York Arnold Press. 1977pp
  52. Richard, J. P. and C. Messier. 1996. Abundance, growth and allometry of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) along a natural light gradient in a northern hardwood forest. Forest Ecology and Management 81: 153-160 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(95)03643-1
  53. Sharrow, S. H. 1991. Tree planting pattern effects on forage production in a Douglas-fir agroforest. Agroforestry System 16: 167-175 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00129747
  54. Sibbald, A. R., J. H. Griffiths, and D. A. Elston. 1991. The effects of the presence of widely spaced conifers on under-storey herbage production in the U.K. Forest Ecology and Management 45: 71-77 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(91)90207-C
  55. Silva-Pando, F. J., M. P. Gonzalez-Hernandez, and M. J. Rozados-Lorenzo. 2002. Pasture production in a silvopastoral system in relation with microclimate variables in the Atlantic coast of Spain. Agroforestry Systems 56: 203-211 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021359817311
  56. Smith, D. M., B. C. Larson, M. J. Kelly, and P. M. S. Ashton. 1997. The practice of silviculture: Applied forest ecology. Willey, New York. pp. 537
  57. Son, Y, H, W. K. Lee, S. E. Lee, and S. R Ryu. 1999. Effects of thinning on soil nitrogen mineralization in a Japanese larch plantation. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 30: 2539-2550 https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629909370393
  58. Son, Y. H., Y. C. Jun, Y. Y. Lee, R. H. Kim, and S. Y. Yang. 2004a. Soil $CO_2$ evolution, litter decomposition, and nitrogen availability 4 years after thinning in a Japanese larch plantation. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 35: 1111-1122 https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120030593
  59. Son, Y. H., Y. Y. Lee, Y. C. Jun, and Z. S. Kim. 2004b. Light availability and understory vegetation four years after thinning in a Laix leptolepis plantation of central Korea. Journal of Forest Research 9: 133-139 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10310-003-0071-x
  60. Stohlgren, T. J., R. R. Bachand, Y. Onami, and D. Binkley. 1998. Species-environment relationships and vegetation patterns: effects of spatial scale and tree life-stage. Plant Ecology 135: 215-228 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009788326991
  61. Sullivan, T. P., D. S. Sullivan, and P. M. F. Lindgren. 2001. Stand structure and small mammals in young lodgepole pine forest: 10-year results after thinning. Ecological Application 11: 1151-1173
  62. Sullivan, T. P., D. S. Sullivan, P. M. F. Lindgren, and J. O. Boateng. 2002. Influence of conventional and chemical thinning on stand structure and diversity of plant and mammal communities in young lodgeple pine forest. Forest Ecology and Management 170: 173-187 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00775-7
  63. Suzanne, W. S., B. H. Trevor, and R. C. Ian. 2004. Precommercial thinning effects on growth, yield and mortality in even-aged paper birch stands in British Columbia. Forest Ecology and Management 190: 163-178 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2003.09.010
  64. Thomas, S. C., C. B. Halpern, D. A. Falk, D. A. Liguori, and K. A. Austin. 1999. Plant diversity in managed forests: understory responses to thinning and fertilization. Ecological Applications 9: 864-879 https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0864:PDIMFU]2.0.CO;2
  65. Yim, K. B., K. D. Kim, K. J. Lee, and T. H. Kwon. 1981 a. Studies on the production structure of Larix leptolepis plantation. Bull. Seoul National University Forestry 17: 31-37
  66. Yim, K. B, K. D. Kim, K. J. Lee, Y. S. Kim, J. H. Park, T. H. Kwon, S. H. Lee, and H. S. Park. 1981b. Biomass study of l5-year-old Larix leptolepis stand. Journal Korea Forestry Energy 1(1): 4-12
  67. Zavitkovski, J. 1976. Ground vegetation biomass production, and efficiency of energy utilization in some northern Wisconsin forest ecosystems. Ecology 57: 694-706 https://doi.org/10.2307/1936183
  68. Zoi, K., A. Demetrius and M. Ioannis. 1995. Effective of thinning, fertilization and sheep grazing on the understory vegetation of Pinus pinaster plantations. Forest Ecology and Management 77: 181-189 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(95)03545-L