International Journal of Human Ecology

The Korean Home Economics Association (대한가정학회)
권호 표지

Generational Differences in Ethnicity Maintenance of Korean-Chinese Ethnic Minority

  • Cho, Bok-Hee (Dept. of Child & Family Studies, School of Human Ecology, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Lee, Joo-Yeon (Dept. of Family Environment and Welfare, Chonnam National University)
  • Published : 2007.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The present study examined generational differences in ethnicity maintenance among Korean-Chinese to understand the impact of recent social change on a Korean-Chinese ethnic community in China. A total of 1355 Korean-Chinese (557 parents and 798 children), who live in Shenyang, China, participated in this study. The subjects were asked about their language use during daily conversations and cultural activities. They were also asked about their ethnic identity and perceptions of social distance from Chinese people. The results reveal that the Korean-Chinese parent generation is more likely to maintain its ethnic language, while the child generation is more likely to maintain its ethnic culture. Second, more parents than children considered themselves as 'Korean-Chinese' rather than 'Chinese'. Third, members of the child generation show less social distance from Chinese people than do the parent generation. These results show a strong tendency towards ethnicity maintenance among Korean Chinese as well as recent changes in the community. This study argues for the importance of school education and school environment in maintaining the ethnic language and culture of Korean-Chinese children.

Keywords

References

  1. Berry, J. W. (1995). Psychology of acculturation. In J. B. Veroff & N. R. Goldberger (Eds.), The culture and psychology reader (pp. 457-488). NY: University Press
  2. Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 46, 5-68
  3. Berry. J. W. (2002). Conceptual approaches to acculturation. In K. M. Chun, P. B. Organista, & G. Marin (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research (pp. 15-38). Washington DC: American Psychological Association
  4. Berry, J. W., & Sam, D. (1997). Acculturation and adaptation. In J. W. Berry, M. H. Segall, & C. Kagitcibasi (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 291-326). Boston: Allyn and Bacon
  5. Bogardus, E. S. (1993). A social distance scale. Sociology and Social Research, 17, 256-271
  6. Bosma, H. A., Graafsma, T. L. G., Grotevant, H. D., & deLevita, D. J. (1994). Identity and development: An interdisciplinary approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sate
  7. Castro, V. S. (2003). Acculturation and Psychological Adaptation. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press
  8. Cho, B., Choi, H. E, Lee, S., Lee, J., & Park, M. (2005). Korean-Chinese children's social-, emotional development and ecological influences. Pusan, Korea: Seorim
  9. Cho, B., Han, S., & Lee, J. (2005). A study on Korean-Chinese children's acculturation and adjustment to the mainstream society. International Journal of Human Ecology, 6, 87-102
  10. Cho, B., Lee, K, Choi, H. P., & Lee, J. (2005). Acculturation of immigrant Korean families in Yanbian and Shenyang/Harbin, China. Journal of Korean Home Economics, 43, 37-54
  11. Cho, B., Park, T., & Han, S. (2004). Korean-Chinese adolescents' acculturation and adaptation in Shenyang and Harbin. Korean Journal of Home Management, 24, 1-10
  12. Cho, Y. (2001). Korean-Chinese's ethnic identity formation and education. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Kangwon University, Korea
  13. Choi, Y. (2000). A study on ethnic identity of Korean-Chinese. Korean-Chinese Studies, Chun-nam National University, Korea
  14. Chun, K M. & Akutsu, P. D. (2003). Acculturation among ethnic minority families. In K M. Chun, P. B. Organista, & G. Marin (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research (pp. 95-119). Washington DC: American Psychological Association
  15. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. NY: Norton
  16. Farver J. M. & Lee-Shin, Y. (2000). Acculturation and Korean-American Children's Social and Play Behavior. Social Development, 9, 316-336 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00128
  17. Gordon, M. M. (1964). Assimilation in American life: The role of race, religion, and national origins. NY: Oxford University Press
  18. Grotevant, H. D. (1998). Adolescent development in family contexts. In W Damon (Series Ed.), & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 1097-1149). NY: Wiley
  19. Guardado, M. (2002). Loss and maintenance of first language skills: Case studies of Hispanic families in Vancouver. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 58, 341-363 https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.58.3.341
  20. Gurung, R. & Mehta, V. (1998). Minority health care providers: Relating identity, acculturation and beliefs. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco
  21. Hurh, W. M. (1998). The Korean Americans. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press
  22. Kang, J. (2000). A study on changes in Korean-Chinese community and their ethnic identity. Asian-Pacific Studies, 7, Kyunghee University, Korea
  23. Kim, S. (1998). Determinants of foreign workers' social distance toward Korean society. Unpublished master's thesis, Sunggyunkwan University, Korea
  24. Kim, H. (2003). Ethnic minority policy in China and the identity of Korean-Chinese. Unpulished master's thesis, Seogang University, Korea
  25. Ko, J. (2003). An analysis on .the identity of Korean-Chinese. Unpublished master's thesis, Chun-nam National University, Korea
  26. Lee, H. S. (2000). Parental efficacy and practices among Korean immigrant families in the US: Relations with family functioning, familism, and acculturation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Syracuse University, NY
  27. Lee, K., Chun, H., Choi, H. P., Won, Y., Kim, Y., Park, T., & Nah, E. (2003). Bilingual environment of Korean-Chinese children live in Yanbian. Pusan, Korea: Seotim
  28. Lieber, E., Chin, D., Nihira, K., & Mink, I. T. (2001). Holding on and letting go: Identity and acculturation among Chinese immigrants. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 7, 247-261 https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.7.3.247
  29. Lim, C. & Kim, K. (2002). Ethnic identity of Korean-Chinese live in Yanbian. Journal of Korean Politics, 10(1)
  30. Lim, G. S. (2003). Who is the Chosunjok? Seoul, Korea: Hyunam-Sa
  31. Marcia, J. E., Waterman, A. S., Matteson, D. R,. Archer, S. L., & Orlofsky, J. L. (1993). Ego identity: A handbook for psychosocial research. NY: Springer-Verlag
  32. Mendoza, H. & Martinex, L. (1989). The Measurement of Acculturation. In A. Baron, Jr. (Ed.), Explorations in Chicago psychology (pp. 71-82). NY: Holt
  33. Mitzman, A. (1994). Historical identity and identity of the historian. In H. A Bosma, T. L. G., Graafsman, H. D. Grotevant, & D. J. deLevita (Eds.), Identity and development: An interdisciplinary approach (pp. 135-158). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  34. Muir, D. E. & Muir, L. W. (1988). Social Distance between Deep-south middle school White and Blacks. Sociology and Social Research, 72, 177-180
  35. Netting, N. S. (1991). Chinese aloofness from other groups: Social Distance data from a city in British Columbia. Sociology and Social Research, 75
  36. Park, S. Y. & Doh, H. S. (2001). The relationships of acculturation attitudes to adjustment in Korean-Chinese adolescents. Journal of Korean Child Studies, 22, 123-136
  37. Phinney, J. S. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: A review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 499-514 https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.499
  38. Phinney, J. S. (1991). Ethnic identity and self-esteem: A review and integration. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 13, 193-208 https://doi.org/10.1177/07399863910132005
  39. Phinney, J. S. (1993). Multiple group identities: Differentiation, conflict, and integration. In J. Kroger (Ed.), Discussions on ego identity. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
  40. Phinney, J. S. (2003). Ethnic identity and acculturation. In K M. Chun, E B. Organista, & G. Marin (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research (pp. 63-81). Washington DC: American Psychological Association
  41. Sam, L. (1995). Acculturation attitudes among young immigrants as a function of perceived parental attitudes toward cultural change. Journal of early Adolescence, 15, 238-258 https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431695015002004
  42. Tannenbaum, M. (2003). The multifaceted aspects of language maintenance: A new ensure for its assessment in immigrant families. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 6, 374-393 https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050308667792
  43. Tannenbaum, M. & Howie, P. (2002). The association between language maintenance and family relations: Chinese immigrant children in Australia. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 23, 408-424 https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630208666477
  44. Taylor, D. M. (1987). Social psychological barriers to childhood bilingualism. In M. Hamel & S. Aarsonson (Eds.), Childhood bilingulism: Aspects of linguistic cognitive and social development (pp. 183-196). Newbury Park, CA: Sage
  45. Tuominen, A. (1999). Who decides the home language? A look at multilingual families. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 140, 59-76
  46. Westie, F. R. (1952). Negro-White status differentials and social distance. American Sociological Review, 17, 550-558 https://doi.org/10.2307/2088221