Inactivation of Infectious Cryptosporidium parvum by Various Disinfectants

다양한 소독제에 의한 감염성 크립토스포리디움 불활성화율 평가

  • 변승헌 (서울특별시 상수도연구소) ;
  • 이목영 (서울특별시 상수도연구소) ;
  • 조은주 (서울특별시 상수도연구소) ;
  • 윤태호 (서울특별시 상수도연구소) ;
  • 김태호 (서울특별시 상수도연구소) ;
  • 한선희 (서울특별시 상수도연구소)
  • Published : 2007.05.31

Abstract

Cell culture infectivity assay using HCT-8 cell was combined with most-probable-number technique to evaluate the inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum by various disinfectants, including chlorine, ozone, and UV light. The assay was demonstrated to be as sensitive as animal infectivity assay, which has been considered the "gold standard" for assessing Cryptosporidium oocyst infectivity, and a valuable tool to evaluate inactivation of C. parvum by disinfectants. Bench-scale inactivation study showed that at the condition of $5^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.0, CT value of $1,250mg{\cdot}min/L$ by chlorine and $16mg{\cdot}min/L$ by ozone were required to achieve approximately 1.0 log inactivation of C. parvum, suggesting that even ozone could not be sufficient to inactivate C, parvum at low. temperature. Unlike chlorine and ozone, UV light is very effective to inactivate C. parvum, regardless of temperature. A UV light dose of 2 $mJ/cm^2$ provided at least 3 log inactivation of C. parvum.

본 연구에서는 염소, 오존, UV에 의한 크립토스포리디움의 불활성화정도를 평가하기 위해 HCT-8세포를 사용하는 세포배양법과 최적확수기법을 결합하였다. 이 방법은 크립토스포리디움 감염성을 평가하는데 있어 "gold standard"라고 여겨지는 동물감염성 실험 만큼이나 민감하였고 소독제에 의한 크립토스포리디움의 불활성화를 측정할 수 있는 유용한 방법이었다. 실험실규모의 연구결과, $5^{\circ}C$, pH 7.0 조건에서 크립토스포리움을 약 1 log 불활성화시키기위한 염소와 오존 CT값은 각각 $1,250mg{\cdot}min/L,\;16mg{\cdot}min/L$ 이었다. 이는 오존을 사용하여 소독하였을 때 조차도 낮은 온도에서는 크립토스포리디움을 불활성화시키기 어렵다는 것을 보여주는 것이다. 염소와 오존과는 달리 UV는 온도에 상관없이 크립토스포리디움을 불활성화시키기에 매우 효과적이어서 UV가 2 $mJ/cm^2$ 조사되었을 때 크립토스포리디움이 3 log 이상 불활성화되었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Korich, D. G., Mead, J. R., Madore, M. S., Sinclair, N. A., and Sterling, C. R., 'Effect of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine on Crytosporidium parvum oocysts viability,' Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 56(5), 1423-1428(1990)
  2. Gyurek, L. L., Finch, G. R., and Belosevic, M., 'Modeling chlorine inactivation requirements of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts,' Journal of Environmental Engineering, 123(9), 865-875(1997) https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:9(865)
  3. 志村有通, 竹馬大介, 森田重光, 平田强, 鹽素のCryptosporidium parvum オーシスト 不活化效果とその濃度依存性, 日本水道協會雜誌, 70(1), 26-33(2001)
  4. Clancy, J. L., Hargy, T. M., Marshall, M. M., Dyksen, J. E., 'UV light inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts, J. of AWWA, 90(9), 92-102(1998) https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1998.tb08501.x
  5. Slifko, T. R., Friedman, D., Rose, J. B., 'An In Vitro Method for Detecting Infectious Cryptosporidium Oocysts with Cell Culture,' Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63(9), 3669-3675(1997)
  6. Rochelle, P. A., Marshall, M. M., Mead, J. R., Johnson, A. M., Korich, D. G., Rosen, J. S., Leon, R. D., 'Comparison of In Vitro Cell Culture and a Mouse Assay for Measuring Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum,' Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68(8), 3809-3817(2002) https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.8.3809-3817.2002
  7. Jonson, A. M., Linden, K., Ciociola, K. M., Leon, R. D., Widmer, G., Rochelle, P. A, 'UV Inactivation of Cryptosporidium hominis as Measured in Cell Culture,' Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71(5), 2800-2802(2005) https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.5.2800-2802.2005
  8. 이목영, 조은주, 변승헌, 김태호, 오세종, 세포배양기법을 이용한 수중 크립토스포리디움 감염성 평가, 2004년 대한상하수도학회 . 한국물환경학회 공동춘계학술대회(2004)
  9. Slifko, T. R., Huffman, C. A., Dussert, B., Owens, J. H., Jakubowski, W., Hass, C. N., Rose, J. B., 'Comparison of tissue culture and animal models for assessment of Cryptosporidium parvum infection,' Experimental Parasitology, 101, pp. 97-106(2002) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-4894(02)00100-5
  10. USEPA, National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule ; Proposed Rule, Federal Register, 68(154), (2003.8.11)
  11. Rennecker, J. L., Marinas, B. J., Owens, J. H., Rice, E. W., 'Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with Ozone,' Water Res., 33(11), 2481-2488(1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00116-5
  12. Finch, G. R., Black, E. K., Gyurek, L., Belosevic, M., 'Ozone Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum in Demand-Free Phosphate buffer Determined by In vitro Excystation and Animal Infectivity,' Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59(12), 4203-4210(1993)
  13. Clancy, J. L., Marshall, M. M., Hargy, T. M., Korich, D. G., 'Susceptibility of five strains of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts to UV light,' J. of AWWA, 96(3), 84-93(2004)
  14. Keegan, Alexandra R., Fanok, Stella, Monis, Paul T., Saint, Christopher P., Cell Culture-Tagman PCR Assay for Evaluation of Cryptosporidium parvum Disinfection, Appl. Env. Microbiol., 69(5), 2505-2511(2003) https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.5.2505-2511.2003