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Changes in the Contents of Carotenoids and Cis/Trans β-Carotenes of Fresh and Cooked Spinach in Foodservice Operations

단체급식에서 시금치의 조리방법에 따른 Carotenoids 및 Cis/Trans β-Carotene 함량의 변화

  • Lim, Yaung-Iee (Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Sung-shin Women's University)
  • 임양이 (성신여자대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Published : 2007.01.31

Abstract

HPLC quantifications of fresh and cooked (steamed/microwaved) spinach, one of the most frequently consumed vegetables in foodservice operations, were carried out to determine carotenoids compositions. An S-3 $\mu$m C30 stationary phase for reversed-phase columns with diode-array detection was used to separate and quantify geometric isomers of provitamin A carotenoids in the fresh and cooked spinach. The carotenoids in fresh spinach were identified and quantified: Lutein (63.0%), $\beta$-carotene isomers (all-trans 29.6%, 9-cis 3.2%, 13-cis 1.8%, $\alpha$-carotene 0.4%, zeaxanthin 2.1%) and cryptoxanthin. Cryptoxanthin, detected in a trace amount in HPLC, was not quantified in this study. Lutein was little affected by cooking methods and frozen conditions. 9-cis and 13-cis-$\beta$-carotene isomers were major types formed during cooking. Cooking (steam/microwave) did not alter carotenoid profiles of the samples, but the amounts of carotenoids quantified were greater than those in the fresh samples. Heat treatment such as steaming increased total carotenoids contents, especially trans-$\beta$-carotene (p<0.05). The carotenoid contents of the frozen spinach increased even after the microwaved treatment (p<0.05). These increases were likely to result from the increased extraction efficiency and inactivation of enzymes capable of carotenoids degrading during the heat treatments.

본 연구에서는 단체급식에서 많이 이용되는 시금치의 조리방법에 따른 카로티노이드 분리 및 정량을 위해서 HPLC를 이용하여 분석하였다. 시금치의 methanol 추출물로 THF 용매 분획물에 대하여 카로티노이드 및 그 이성체 화합물을 표준품으로 해서 분리된 카로티노이드의 RT와 함량은 lutein(63%), zeaxanthin(2.1%), crytoranthin, 13-cis-$\beta$-carotene(1.8%), a-carotene, trans-$\beta$-carotene(29.6%), 9-cis-$\beta$-carotene(3.1%)의 순으로 분리되었으며, 여기서 분리된 crytoxanthin은 미량 검출되어 본 실험에서는 정량하지 않았다. Lutein은 다른 카로티노이드에 비하여 조리방법 및 가열에 의한 영향을 비교적 덜 받는 것으로 나타났고, zeaxanthin은 조리 후 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 한편, trans-cis-$\beta$-carotene의 이 성 체 인 9-cis-$\beta$-carotene과 1,3-cis-$\beta$-carotene은 조리방법과 상관없이 가열 후 증가하는 경향을 보였는데 이는 가열과정이 trans-$\beta$-carotene의 이성화를 형성시키는 것으로 설명된다. Steam 조리 및 냉동 후 microwave조리에서 trans-$\beta$-carotene은 증가하는 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 시금치의 총 non-provitamin A의 경우, 각 처리구간에 별 차이가 없었으나, 총 provitamin A에서는 원재료와 냉동 후 조리에서 유의적 차이를 볼 수 있었다(p<0.05). 또한 provitamin A로서의 기능이 가장 큰 trans-$\beta$-carotene은 steam으로 가열한 경우 가장 높았으며 또한 카로티노이드의 총 함량도 다른 시료보다 높은 함량을 보여주었다. 그 다음은 냉동 후 microwave로 가열한 시료로 두 시료와 유의적인 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과로부터 steam 가열시료, 냉동 후 가열시료, 원재료를 microwave로 가열한 시료 그리고 원재료 시금치의 순으로 카로티노이드의 총 함량이 높게 나타났다.

Keywords

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