대한지리학회지 (Journal of the Korean Geographical Society)

대한지리학회 (The Korean Geographical Society)
권호 표지

1920년대 호놀룰루의 다문화주의와 집단간 사회-공간적 분리

Multiculturalism and Socio-Spatial Segregation of Honolulu in the 1920s

  • 이영민 (이화여자대학교 사회생활학과)
  • 발행 : 2007.12.31
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

20세기 초반 하와이와 호놀룰루의 민족집단 관계는 백인이 수적으로 소수집단을 구성하는 예외적인 상황이기에 인종차별주의 관념에 별로 영향을 받지 않았었다는 것이 일반적인 견해이다. 하지만 실제로 과거는 물론이고 현재에 이르기까지 민족집단 관계에 인종, 민족 이슈들이 큰 영향을 미쳤음은 분명하다. 이 연구는 20세기 초반 호놀룰루 유색 이민집단들의 이주와 정착 과정 내내 백인지상주의 관념이 미국 본토에서와 마찬가지로 큰 영향을 미쳤음을 밝히고 있다. 직업의 차별화와 계층화, 그리고 거주지의 공간적 분화가 미국 본토의 도시에서와 같이 호놀룰루에서도 인종, 민족집단 간에 분명하게 이루어졌었다. 유색인종집단의 직업에 따른 사회적 분리 현상과 거주의 공간적 집중화 현상은 비백인집단의 "로우컬"과 백인집단의 "하올리"라고 하는 이원화된 대립적 정체성을 만들어가는 계기가 되었다. 그러한 변형된 정체성은 비백인들로 구성된 다민족적 근린지구 내에 착근된 민족집단들의 상호 협상과정이 지속적으로 진행되면서 자연스럽게 창출된 결과물인 것이다.

It has been widely believed that the ethnic relations in Honolulu and Hawai'i in the early twentieth century were little associated with racist ideology because the white race was minority in terms of the racial composition. In reality, however, the racial and ethnic issues have played a major role in forming the past and present relations among ethnic groups. This study shows that the white-supremacy ideology exerted a strong influence on minority groups in Honolulu throughout the immigration and settling-down process, as much as in the mainland U.S. Clear occupational stratification and residential segregation among the ethnic groups in Honolulu represented almost the same situation as in mainland cities. The social segregation and spatial propinquity of their residential neighborhoods facilitated the construction of dichotomized identity: "Local" versus "Haole". Such transformed identities were a product of on-going inter-ethnic negotiation process embedded in the non-white multi-ethnic neighborhoods.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Beechert, E. D., 1985, Working in Hawai'i: A Labor History, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu
  2. Beechert, E. D., 1990, The Caucasian worker in Hawai'i, 1778-1941, in Moore, C. et al.(eds.), Labour in the South Pacific, James Cook University, Townsville
  3. Beechert, E. D., 1991, Honolulu: Crossroads of the Pacific, Columbia University, New York
  4. Breton, R., 1964, Institutional completeness of ethnic communities and the personal relations of immigrants, American Journal of Sociology, 70, 193-205 https://doi.org/10.1086/223793
  5. Boal, F. W., 1987, Segregation, in Pacione, M. (ed.), Social Geography: Progress and Prospect, Croom Helm, London
  6. Bonacich, E., 1973, A theory of middleman minorities, American Sociological Review, 38, 583-594 https://doi.org/10.2307/2094409
  7. Bonacich, E. and Modell, J., 1980, The Economic Basis of Ethnic Solidarity: A Study of Japanese Americans, University of California Press, Berkeley
  8. Chan, Sucheng, 1991, Asian American: An Interpretiue History, Twayne Publishers, Boston
  9. Driedger, L. and Church, C., 1974, Residential segregation and institutional completeness: A comparison of ethnic minorities, Review of Canadian Sociology and Anthropology, 11, 30-52
  10. Fuchs, L. H., 1961, Hawaii Pono, 'Hawaii the Excellent': An Ethnic and Political History, Bess Press, Honolulu
  11. Fugita, S. and O'brien, D.J., 1991, Japanese American Etb nicity: The Persistence of Community, University of Washington Press, Seattle
  12. Geschwender, J. A. and Carroll-Seguin, R., 1988, The Portuguese and Haoles of Hawai'i: Implications for the origin of ethnicity, American Sociological Review, 53, 515-527 https://doi.org/10.2307/2095846
  13. Grant, G. and Ogawa, D. M., 1993, Living proof: Is Hawai'i the answer?, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 530, 146-148
  14. Haas, M., 1992, Institutional Racism: The Case of Hawai'i, Greenwod Press, Westport
  15. Hechter, M., 1978, Group formation and the cultural division of labor, American Journal of Sociology, 84, 293-318 https://doi.org/10.1086/226785
  16. Hiebert, D., 1991, Class, ethnicity and residential structure: The social geography of Winnipeg 1901-1921, Journal of Historical Geography, 17(1), 56-86 https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-7488(91)90005-G
  17. Johannesen, E., 1956, The Hawai'ian Labor Movement: A Brief History, Bruce Humphries, Boston
  18. Johnson, D. D., 1991, The City and County of Honolulu: A Governmental Chronicle, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu
  19. Jones, E. and Eyles, J., 1977, An Introduction to Social Geography, Oxford University Press, London
  20. Kent, N., 1983, Hawai'i: Islands under the Influence, Monthly Review Press, New York
  21. Kirkpatrick, J., 1987, Ethnic antagonism and innovation in Hawai'i, in Boucher, J., et al.(eds.), Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives, Sage Publications, London
  22. Light, I. and Bonacich, E., 1988, Immigrant Entrepreneurs: Koreans in Los Angeles 1965- 1982, University of California Press, Los Angeles
  23. Lind, A., 1938, An Island Community: Ecological Succession in Hawai'i, University of Chicago Press, Chicago
  24. Lind, A., 1980, Hawai'i's People, University of Hawaii, Honolulu
  25. Lyman, S. M., 1974, Conflict and the web of group affiliations in San Francisco's Chinatown 1850-1910, Pacific Historical Review, 43, 473-499 https://doi.org/10.2307/3638429
  26. Marston, S. A., 1988, Neighborhood and politics: Irish ethnicity in nineteenth century Lowell Massachusetts, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 78(1), 414-432 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1988.tb00216.x
  27. Mejer, J. H., 1987, Capitalist stages, state formation, and ethnicity in Hawai'i, National Journal of Sociology, 1(2), 172-201
  28. Nordyke, E. C., 1989, The Peopling of Hawai'i, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu
  29. Okamura, J. Y, 1982, Ethnicity and ethnic relations in Hawai'i, in Wu, D.(ed.), Ethnicity and Interpersonal Interaction: A Cross Cultural Study, Maruzen Asia, Singapore
  30. Okamura, J. Y, 1994, Multiculturalism in Hawai'i: A promise for whom?, Paper presented in Conference on Minority/Majority Discourse: Problematizing Multiculturalism, August 11-13
  31. Peach, C., 1975, Introduction: The spatial analysis of ethnicity and class, in Peach, C. (ed.), Urban Social Segregation, Longman, London
  32. Portes, A. and Manning, R., 1986, The Immigrant enclave: Theory and empirical examples, in Nagel, J. and Olzak, S.(eds.), Competitive Ethnic Relations, Academic Press, Florida
  33. Sakumoto, R. E., 1965, Social Areas of Honolulu: A Study of the Ethnic Dimension in an Urban Social Structure, Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University
  34. Smith, D. M., 1975, Patterns in Human Geography: An Introduction to Numerical Methods, Penguin, London
  35. Thrift, N. and Williams, P.(eds.), 1987, Class and space: The Making of Urban Society, Routledge & Degan Paul, London and New York
  36. Whittaker, E., 1986, The Mainland HAOLE: The White Experience in Hauiai'i, Columbia University Press, New York
  37. Yamamura, D. Y. and Sakumoto, R., 1954, Residential segregation in Honolulu, Social Process in Hawai'i, 18, 35-46