Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety (한국식품위생안전성학회지)

The Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety (한국식품위생안전성학회)
권호 표지

Co-occurrence of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone in Cereals and their Products

곡류와 그 가공품에서 Deoxynivalenol과 Zearalenone의 분석

  • Ok, Hyun-Ee (Food Safety Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute) ;
  • Chang, Hyun-Joo (Food Safety Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute) ;
  • Choi, Sung-Wook (Food Safety Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute) ;
  • Lee, Na-Ri (Food Safety Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute) ;
  • Kim, Hyun-Jung (Food Safety Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute) ;
  • Koo, Min-Sun (Food Safety Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute) ;
  • Chun, Hyang-Sook (Food Safety Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute)
  • 옥현이 (한국식품연구원 안전성연구단) ;
  • 장현주 (한국식품연구원 안전성연구단) ;
  • 최성욱 (한국식품연구원 안전성연구단) ;
  • 이나리 (한국식품연구원 안전성연구단) ;
  • 김현정 (한국식품연구원 안전성연구단) ;
  • 구민선 (한국식품연구원 안전성연구단) ;
  • 전향숙 (한국식품연구원 안전성연구단)
  • Published : 2007.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are naturally occurring toxins produced by Fusarium species, which may grow on cereals. The aims of this study were to determine the incidence and contamination levels of DON and ZEN in cereal products. Seventy samples of cereal products were randomly selected from retail outlets during 2005 and 2006. DON and ZEN were analyzed by using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and UV-detector, respectively. Detection limits were $4.4{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$ for DON and $3.4{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$ for ZEN. DON and ZEN were detected in 37 and 17, respectively, of the 70 samples, but the levels found were very low. In particular, out of 70 samples, 12 samples of corn and barley were co-contaminated with DON and ZEN, with levels ranging from 5.6 to $1842.3{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$ for DON and 12.1 to $174.9{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$ for ZEN, respectively. However, DON and ZEN were not detected in breakfast cereals and wheat flour. The highest level was found in dried corn kernel samples that confirmed by LC-MS. This study show that DON and ZEN co-contaminate with low levels in cereal products.

전 세계 인구의 주식인 곡물에 주로 오염되는 Fusarium 곰팡이독소인 DON과 ZEN을 70개 시료(옥수수, 백미, 현미, 보리, 옥수수통조림, 시리얼, 밀가루)에서 HPLC를 이용하여 분석하였다. DON은 70개 시료 중 37개 시료에서 $7.4-379.4{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$ 수준으로 검출되었고, ZEN은 17개 시료에서 $22.0-42.8{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$ 수준으로 검출되었다. 검출된 시료중 12개 시료는 DON과 ZEN이 동시에 검출되었고 평균 오염농도는 $319.7{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$과 $37.3{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$이었다. 본 연구에서 곡물시료 중 DON및 ZEN의 오염수준은 높지 않았으나 곰팡이독소의 생성은 기후변화의 영향을 많이 받기 때문에 이를 반영한 오염도 자료가 향후 지속적으로 축적되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Placinta, C.M., D'Mello, J.P.F., and Macdonald, A.M.C.: A review of world wide contamination of cereal grains and animal feed with Fusarium mycotoxins. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 78, 21-37 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(98)00278-8
  2. JECFA: Deoxynivalenol. who Food Additives Series 47, WHO, 2001. http://.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v47je05/htm
  3. Larsen, J.C., Hunt, J., Perrin, I., and Ruckenbauer, P.: Workshop on trichothecenes with a focus on DON: summary report. Toxicol. Lett., 153, 1-22 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.04.020
  4. FAO: Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and fees in 2003. FAO food and nutrition paper. 81 (2004)
  5. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs
  6. Food Standard Agency: Survey of retail cereal products for trichothecenes and zearalenone. 35 (2003)
  7. Rasmussen, P.H., Ghorbani, F., and Berg, T.: Deoxynivalenol and other Fusarium toxins in wheat and rye flours on the Danish market. Food Addit. Contam., 20, 396-404 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1080/0265203031000082495
  8. Schollenberger, M., Mller, H.-M., Rfle, M., Terry-Jara, H., Suchy, S., Plank, S., and Drochner, W.: Natural occurrence of Fusarium toxins in soy food marketed in Germany. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 113, 142-146 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.06.022
  9. Lee, U.S., Jang, H.S., Tanaka, T., Hasegawa, A., Oh, Y.J., and Ueno, Y.: The coexistence of the Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in Korean cereals harvested in 1993. Food Addit. Contam., 2, 185-192 (1985) https://doi.org/10.1080/02652038509373542
  10. Kim, J.C., Kang, H.J., Lee, D.H., Lee, Y.W., and Yoshizawa, T.: Natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins (Trichothecences and Zearalenone) in barley and corn in Korea. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59, 3798-3802 (1993)
  11. Kim, J.C., Park, A.R., Lee, Y.W., Youn, H.J., and Cha, S.H.: Variation in trichothecences and zearalenone production by Fusarium graminearum isolates from corn and barley in Korea. Korean J. Microbiol., 31, 312-317 (1993)
  12. Ryu, J.C., Yang, J.S., Song, Y.S., Kwon, O.S., Park, J., and Chang, I.M.: Survey of natural occurrence of trichothecence mycotoxins and zearalenone in Korean cereals harvested in 1992 using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Food Addit. Contam., 13, 333-341 (1996) https://doi.org/10.1080/02652039609374416
  13. Shim, W.B., Kim, J.C., Seo, J.A., and Lee, Y.W.: Natural occurrence of trichothecenes and zearalenone in Korean and imported beers. Food Addit. Contam., 14, 1-5 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1080/02652039709374490
  14. 이향범, 손동화, Kosaka, K. and Ueno, Y.: 옥수수 중 deoxynivalenol의 검출을 위한 효소면역측정법의 개발. 한국미생물생명공학회, 25, 414-419 (1997)
  15. Sohn, H.B., Seo, J.A., and Lee, Y.W.: Co-occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in mouldy and healthy corn from Korea. Food Addit. Contam., 16, 153-158 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1080/026520399284109
  16. Speijers, G.J.A. and Speijers, M.H.M.: Combined toxic effects of mycotoxins. Toxicol. Lett., 153, 91-98 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.04.046
  17. Food Standards Agency: Food standards agency information bulletin on methods of analysis and sampling for foodstuffs. 59 (2005)
  18. Songsermsakul, P., Sontag, G., Cichna-Markl, M., Zentek, J., and Razzazi-Fazeli, E.: Determination of zearalenone and oats metabolites in urine, plasma and faeces of horses by HPLC-APCI-MS. J. Chromatogr. B, 843, 252-261 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.06.012
  19. European Community Comments for the CCFAC, 37th Session. Deoxynivalenol contamination in cereals (CX/FAC 05/37/25). The Hague, The Netherlands, 25-29 April (2005)
  20. Josephs, R.D., Schuhmacher, R., and Krska, R.: International interlaboratory study for the determination of the Fusarium mycotoxins zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in agricultural commodities. Food Addit. Contam., 18, 417-430 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030120332
  21. Larondelle, Y., Motte, J-C., Peeters, J., Van Peteghem, C., and Schneider, Y-J.: Mycotoxin contamination of regular and organic foodstuffs. Scientific Support Plan for a Sustainable Development Policy. Project CP/30, Belgium, March (2005)
  22. Eskola, M., Rizzo, A., and Soupas, L.: Occurrence and amounts of some Fusarium toxins in Finnish cereal samples in 1998. Acta Agric. Scand., Sect. B, Soil and Plant Sci., 50, 183-186 (2000)
  23. Abdulkadar, A.H.W., Al-Ali, A.A., Al-Kildi, A.M., and Al-Jedah, J.H.: Mycotoxins in food products available in Qatar. Food Control, 15, 543-548 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2003.08.008
  24. Sardjono, N.A., Yasmashita, A., and Yoshizawa, T.: Natural co-occurrence of aflatoxins and Fusarium mycotoxins (fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone) in corn from Indonesia. Food Addit. Contam., 15, 337-384 (1998)
  25. Boeira, L.S., Bryce, J.H., Stewart, G.G., and Flannigan, B.: The effect of combinations of Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisin B1) on growth of brewing yeasts. J Appl. Microbiol., 88, 388-403 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00972.x