Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science (한국수산과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

In vivo Effects of Di-n-butyl Phthalate and Di-2-ethylhexyl Phthalate on the Nonspecific Defense Mechanism of the Bagrid Catfish, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco

  • Masroor Fatima (Department of Biology, University of Namur) ;
  • Jee Jung-Hoon (Trade Promotion Division, International Cooperation Bureau, Ministry of Maritime Affairs & Fisheries) ;
  • Keum Yoo-Hwa (Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University) ;
  • Kang Ju-Chan (Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University)
  • Published : 2006.03.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate in vivo toxicity and effects of two phthalate esters (PEs), di-n-butylphthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), on the immune system of the bagrid catfish, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco. Groups of experimental fish were subjected to daily intraperitoneal injections of 300 or 1000 mg $kg^{-1}$ of DBP or DEHP for 3 days, and the cellularity and functional activity of phagocytes were measured in the spleen and pronephros (head kidney). The number of spleen leukocyte cells increased significantly (p<0.05) in response to low and high doses of DEHP and DBP, respectively; however, the cellularity of the pronephros was more susceptible to higher dose of DEHP than DBP. Nonspecific immunity, as determined by the phagocytic index (PI) and phagocytic capacity (PC), was significantly depressed by DEHP at 1000 $1000mg\;kg^{-1}\;day^{-1}$ in the pronephros at 3 days after injection. Furthermore, significantly (p<0.05) increased levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) indicated marked hepatic dysfunction in immunosuppressed fish. Treated fish showed a significant reduction in total serum protein but no significant alteration in lysozyme activity. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of the fish immune response for predicting PE-induced immunotoxicity.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahmad, I., M. Fatima, M. Athar, N.Z. Khan and S. Raisuddin. 1998. Responses of circulating fish phagocytes to paper mill effluent exposure. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 61, 746-753 https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289900824
  2. Balm, P.H.M. 1997. Immune-endocrine interactions. In: Fish Stress and Health in Aquaculture, Iwama, G.K., A.D. Pickering, J.P. Sumpter, C.B. Schreck, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 195-221
  3. Chang, B.V., C.S. Liao and S.Y. Yuan. 2005. Anaerobic degradation of diethyl phthalate, di-n butyl phthalate, and di-(2-ethyhexyl) phthalate from river sediment in Taiwan. Chemosphere, 58, 1601-1607 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.031
  4. Dogra, R.K., S. Khanna, S.N. Srivastava, L.J. Shukla, K. Chandra, G. Saxena and R. Shanker. 1993. Immunomodulation due to coexposure to styrene and dioctyl phthalate in mice. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., 15, 491-514 https://doi.org/10.3109/08923979309035242
  5. Ellis, A.E. 1990. Lysozyme assays. In: Techniques in Fish Immunology Vol. I, Stolen, J.S., D.P. Anderson, B.S. Roberson and W.B. van Muiswinkel, eds. SOS Publications, New Haven, NJ, 101-103
  6. Fatima, M., I. Ahmad, R. Siddiqui and S. Raisuddin. 2001. Paper and pulp mill effluent-induced immunotoxicity in freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 40, 271-276 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010172
  7. Furtman, K. 1996. ECPI European Council for Plasticisers & Intermediates. Phthalates in the Aquatic Environment. Dusseldorf, Germany: Northrhine-Westfalia State Agency for Water and Waste. English Translation of report No. 6/93 'Phthalate in der Aquatischen Umwelt'. Contract No. D/1996/3158/4. 197 P and Appendices
  8. Hart, L.J., S.A. Smith, B.J. Smith, J. Robertson, E.G. Besteman and S.D. Holladay. 1998. Subacute immunotoxic effects of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) on spleen and pronephros leukocytic cell counts and phagocytic cell activity in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquat. Toxicol., 41, 17-29 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(97)00075-1
  9. Hironobu, W., G. Yoshiki and M. Sakai. 2003. In vitro modulation of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) phagocytic cells by Di-n-butyl phthalate and Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. Aquat. Toxicol., 63, 119-126 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(02)00172-8
  10. Jobling, S., T. Reynolds, R. White, M.G. Parker and J.P. Sumpter. 1995. A variety of environmentally persistent chemicals, including some phthalate plasticizers, are weakly estrogenic. Environ. Health. Perspect., 103, 582-587 https://doi.org/10.2307/3432434
  11. Kim, E.J., J.W. Kim and S.K. Lee. 2002. Inhibition of oocyte development in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. Environ. Int., 28, 359-365 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00058-2
  12. Menghi, G., M.G. Sabbieti, M. Menghi, A. Roda, S. Materazzi and L. Marchetti. 2002. Immunohistochemical detection of phthalate esters in the alimentary canal of Tilapia spp. J. Fish Biol., 61, 265-271
  13. Parkerton, T.F. and W.J. Konkel. 2000. Application of quantitative structure-activity relationships for assessing the aquatic toxicity of phthalate esters. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety, 45, 61-78 https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1999.1841
  14. Roger, A.C., B. Stacie, H. Patricia, Chang Jo, F.U. Thomas and A.H. Richard. 2002. A butyrylcholinesterase in the early development of the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) larvae: a target for phthalate esters embryotoxicity? Biochem. Biophy. Res. Commun., 299, 659-662 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02716-X
  15. Sabourault, C., G. de Sousa, M. Amichot, A. Cuany, R. Rahmani, J.P. Salaun, J.B. Berge, J.P. Girard and M. Lafaurie M. 1999. Tissue-specific induction and inactivation of cytochrome P450 catalysing lauric acid hydroxylation in the sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B, 122, 253-260 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-0491(99)00006-1
  16. Sabourault, C., J.B. Berge, M. Lafaurie, J.P. Girard and M. Amichot. 1998. Molecular cloning of a phthalate-inducible CYP4 gene (CYP4T2) in kidney from the sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 251, 213-219 https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1998.9429
  17. Scholz, N., R. Diefenbach, I. Rademacher and D. Linnemann. 1997. Biodegradation of DEHP, DBP, and DINP: Poorly water soluble and widely used phthalate plasticizers. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 58, 527-534 https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289900367
  18. Shioda, T. and M. Wakabayashi. 2000. Effect of certain chemicals on the reproduction of medaka (Oryzias latipes). Chemos., 40, 239-243 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00235-0
  19. Slater, C.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, C.B. and Schreck. 1995. Characterization of an androgen receptor in salmonid lymphocytes: possible link to androgen-induced immunosuppression. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 100, 218-225 https://doi.org/10.1006/gcen.1995.1151
  20. Sonnenschein, C. and A.M. Soto. 1998. An updated review of environmental estrogen and androgen mimics and antagonists. J. Steroid Biochem. Molec. Biol., 65, 143-150 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0760(98)00027-2
  21. Staples, C.A., W.J. Adams, T.F. Parkerton, J.W. Gorsuch, G.R. Biddinger and K. Reinert. 1997. Aquatic Toxicity of eighteen phthalate esters: a review. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16, 875-891 https://doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<0875:ATOEPE>2.3.CO;2
  22. Sung, H.H., W.Y. Kao and Y.J. Su. 2003. Effects and toxicity of phthalate esters to hemocytes of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquat. Toxicol., 64, 25-37 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(03)00011-0
  23. Tollefsen, K.E. 2002. Interaction of estrogen mimics, singly and in combination, with plasma sex steroid-binding proteins in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat. Toxicol., 56, 215-225 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00154-0
  24. Van den Belt, K., P. Berckmans, C. Vangenechten, R. Verheyen and H. Witters. 2004. Comparative study on the in vitro/in vivo estrogenic potencies of 17${\beta}$-estradiol, estrone, 17${\alpha}$-ethynylestradiol and nonyl-phenol. Aquat. Toxicol., 66, 183-195 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2003.09.004
  25. Wan-Yu, L., C. Wen-Hsiung, S. Yen-Lin, D. Sylive and C. Ching-Fong. 2001. Differential in vitro suppressive effects of steroids on leukocyte phagocytosis in two teleosts, tilapia and common carp. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 121, 163-172 https://doi.org/10.1006/gcen.2000.7593
  26. Yamaguchi, T., W. Hironobu and M. Sakai. 2001. Effects of estradiol, progesterone and testosterone on the function of carp, Cyprinus carpio, phagocytes in vitro. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 129(C), 49-55 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00305-1
  27. Zacharewski, T.R., M.D. Meek, J.H. Clemons, Z.F. Wu, M.F. Fielden and J.B. Matthews. 1998. Examination of the in vitro and in vivo estrogenic activities of eight commercial phthalate esters. Toxicol. Sci., 46, 282-293
  28. Zelikoff, J.T., A. Raymond, E. Carlson, Y. Li, J.R. Beaman and M. Anderson. 2000. Biomarkers of immunotoxicity in fish: from the lab to the ocean. Toxicol. Lett., 112/113, 325-331 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(99)00202-7