참고문헌
- Adams, J. L., Badger, A. M., Kumar, S., and Lee, J. C., p38 MAP kinase: molecular target for the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Prog. Med. Chem., 38, 1-60 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6468(08)70091-2
- Aiello, R. J., Bourassa, P. K., Lindsey, S., Weng, W., Natoli, E., Rollins, B. J., and Milos, P. M., Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 accelerates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein Edeficient mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 19, 1518- 1525 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.19.6.1518
-
Ahmad, M., Theofanidis, P., and Medford, R. M., Role of activating protein-1 in the regulation of the vascular cell sadhesion molecule-1 gene expression by tumor necrosis factor-
$\alpha$ . J. Biol. Chem., 273, 4616-4621 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.8.4616 - Arrigo, A. P., Gene expression and the thiol redox state. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 27, 936-944 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00175-6
- Badger, A. M., Griswold, D. E., Kapadia, R., Blake, S., Swift, B. A., Hoffman, S. J., Stroup, G. B., Webb, E., Rieman, D. J., Gowen, M., Boehm, J. C., Adams, J. L., and Lee, J. C., Disease-modifying activity of SB 242235, a selective inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, in rat adjuvantinduced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 43, 175-183 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(200001)43:1<175::AID-ANR22>3.0.CO;2-S
- Badger, A. M., Roshak, A. K., Cook, M. N., Newman-Tarr, T. M., Swift, B. A., Carlson, K., Connor, J. R., Lee, J. C., Gowen, M., Lark, M. W., and Kumar, S., Differential effects of SB 242235, a selective p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, on IL-1 treated bovine and human cartilage/chondrocyte cultures. Osteoarthr. Cartil., 8, 434-443 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1053/joca.1999.0319
- Baggiolini, M., Dewald, B., and Moser, B., Human chemokines: An update. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 15, 675-705 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.675
-
Barks, J. L., McQuillan, J. J., and Iademarco, F., TNF-
$\alpha$ and IL-4 synergistically increase vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Immunol., 159, 4532-4538 (1997) - Behr, T. M., Nerurkar, S. S., Nelson, A. H., Coatney, R. W., Woods, T. N., Sulpizio, A., Chandra, S., Brooks, D. P., Kumar, S., Lee, J. C., Ohlstein, E. H., Angermann, C. E., Adams, J. L., Sisko, J., Sackner-Bernstein, J. D., and Willette, R. N., Hypertensive end-organ damage and premature mortality are p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent in a rat model of cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction. Circulation, 104, 1292- 1298 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1161/hc3601.094275
- Belkner, J., Stender, H., and Kühn, H., The rabbit 15-lipoxygenase preferentially oxygenates LDL cholesterol esters, and this reaction does not require vitamin E. J. Biol. Chem., 273, 23225-23232 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.36.23225
-
Bennett, B. L., Cruz, R., Lacson, R. G., and Manning, A. M., Interleukin-4 suppression of tumor necrosis factor
$\alpha$ - stimulated E-selectin transcription is mediated by STAT6 antagonism of NF-$\kappa$ B. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 10212-10219 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.15.10212 - Bennett, M. R., Evan, G. I., and Newby, A. C., Deregulated expression of the c-myc oncogene abolishes inhibition of proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells by serum reduction, interferon-gamma, heparin, and cyclic nucleotide analogues and induces apoptosis. Circ. Res., 74, 525-536 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.74.3.525
- Berliner, J. A., Navab, M., Fogelman, A. M., Frank, J. S., Demer, L. L., Edwards, P. A., Watson, A. D., and Lusis, A. J., Atherosclerosis: basic mechanisms. Oxidation, inflammation, and genetics. Circulation, 91, 2488-2496 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.91.9.2488
- Binns, R. M., Licence, S. T., Harrison, A. A., Keelan, E. T., Robinson, M. K., and Hakard, D. O., In vivo E-selectin upregulation correlates early with infiltration of PMN, later with PBL entry: MAbs block both. Am. J. Physiol., 270, H183- H193 (1996)
- Bjorkerud, S. and Bjorkerud, B., Apoptosis is abundant in human atherosclerotic lesions, especially in inflammatory cells (macrophages and T cells), and may contribute to the accumulation of gruel and plaque instability. Am. J. Pathol., 149, 367-380 (1996)
- Blease, K., Seybold, J., Adcock, I. M., Hellewell, P. G., and Burke-Gaffney, A., Interleukin-4 and lipopolysaccharide synergize to induce vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in human lung microvascular endothelial cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol., 18, 620-630 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1165/ajrcmb.18.5.3052
- Bochaton-Piallat, M. L., Gabbiani, F., Redard, M., Desmouliere, A., and Gabbiani, G., Apoptosis participates in cellularity regulation during rat aortic intimal thickening. Am. J. Pathol., 146, 1059-1064 (1995)
- Boring, L., Gosling, J., Cleary, M., and Charo, I.F., Decreased lesion formation in CCR2-/- mice reveals a role for chemokines in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Nature, 394, 894-897 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1038/29788
- Bouloumie, A., Marumo, T., Lafontan, M., and Busse, R., Leptin induces oxidative stress in human endothelial cells. FASEB J., 13, 1231-1238 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.13.10.1231
- Bowler, R. P., Sheng, H., Enghild, J. J., Pearlstein, R. D., Warner, D. S., and Crapo, J. D., A catalytic antioxidant (AEOL 10150) attenuates expression of inflammatory genes in stroke. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 33, 947-961 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(02)00979-6
- Brinckmann, R., Topp, M. S., Zalan, I., Heydeck, D., Ludwig, P., Kuhn, H., Berdel, W. E., and Habenicht, J. R., Regulation of 15-lipoxygenase expression in lung epithelial cells by interleukin-4. Biochem. J., 318, 305-312 (1996) https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3180305
- Canfield, S., Lee, Y., Schroder, A., and Rothman, P., Cutting edge: IL-4 induces suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 expression in B cells by a mechanism dependent on activation of p38 MAPK. J. Immunol., 174, 2494-2498 (2005) https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2494
- Cesari, M., Penninx, B. W., Newman, A. B., Kritchevsky, S. B., Nicklas, B. J., Sutton-Tyrrell, K., Tracy, R. P., Rubin, S. M., Harris, T. B., and Pahor, M., Inflammatory markers and cardiovascular disease (The Health, Aging and Body Composition [Health ABC] Study). Am. J. Cardiol., 92, 522- 528 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00718-5
- Chang, T. L., Peng, X., and Fu, X., Interleukin-4 mediates cell growth inhibition through activation of Stat1. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 10212-10217 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.275.14.10212
-
Chen, C. C. and Manning, A. M., TGF-
$\beta$ 1, IL-10 and IL-4 differentially modulate the cytokine-induced expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in human endothelial cells. Cytokine, 8, 58-65 (1996) https://doi.org/10.1006/cyto.1995.0008 - Chen, Y. W., Zhao, P., Borup, R., and Hoffman, E. P., Expression profiling in the muscular dystrophies: Identification of novel aspects of molecular pathophysiology. J. Cell Biol., 151, 1321-1336 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.151.6.1321
- Collis, A.J., Foster, M.L., Halley, F., Maslen, C., McLay, I.M., Page, K.M., Redford, E.J., Souness, J.E., and Wilsher, N.E., RPR203494 a pyrimidine analogue of the p38 inhibitor RPR200765A with an improved in vitro potency. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 11, 693-696 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-894X(01)00034-8
- Conrad, D. J., Kühn, H., Mulkins, M., Highland, E., and Sigal, E., Specific inflammatory cytokines regulate the expression of human monocyte 15-lipoxygenase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 89, 217-221 (1992)
-
Craig, R., Larkin, A., Mingo, A. M., Thuerauf, D. J., Andrews, C., McDonough, P. M., and Glembotski, C. C., p38 MAPK and NF-
$\kappa$ B collaborate to induce interleukin-6 gene expression and release. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 23814-23824 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M909695199 - Cybulsky, M. and Gimbrone, M., Endothelial expression of a mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecule during atherogenesis. Science, 251, 788-791 (1991) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1990440
- Cyrus, T., Witztum, J. L., Rader, D. J., Tangirala, R., Fazio, S., Linton, M. R. F., and Funk, C. D., Disruption of the12/15-LO-IX gene diminish atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. J. Clin. Invest., 103, 1597-1604 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI5897
- Davies, M. J., Gordon, J. L., Gearing, A. J., Pigott, R., Woolf, N., Katz, D., and Kyriakopoulos, A., The expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, PECAM, and Eselectin in human atherosclerosis. J. Pathol., 171, 223-229 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1711710311
- Davis, R. J., The mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway. J. Biol. Chem., 268, 14553-14556 (1993)
- DiCorleto, P. E. and Chisolm, G. M., Participation of the endothelium in the development of the atherosclerotic plaque. Prog. Lipid Res., 25, 365-374 (1986) https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7827(86)90074-3
- Dunbar, C. E. and Nienhuis, A. W., Multiple myeloma. New approaches to therapy. JAMA, 269, 2412-2416 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.269.18.2412
- Elices, M., Osborn, L., Takada, Y., Crouse, C., Luhowskyj, S., Hemler, M., and Lobb, R., VCAM-1 on activated endothelium interacts with the leukocyte integrin VLA-4 at a site distinct from the VLA-4/fibronectin binding site. Cell, 60, 577-584 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(90)90661-W
- Feinmark, S. J. and Cornicelli, J. A., Is there a role for 15- lipoxygenase in atherogenesis? Biochem. Pharmacol., 54, 953-959 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(97)00135-4
- Fijen, J. W., Zijlstra, J. G., De Boer, P., Spanjersberg, R., Tervaert, J. W., Van Der Werf, T. S., Ligtenberg, J. J., and Tulleken, J. E., Suppression of the clinical and cytokine response to endotoxin by RWJ-67657, a p38 mitogen-activated proteinkinase inhibitor, in healthy human volunteers. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 124, 16-20 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01485.x
- Galea, P., Chartier, A., and Lebranchu, Y., Increased lymphocyte adhesion to allogeneic endothelial cells by interleukin-4 (IL- 4). Transplant. Proc., 23, 243-244 (1991)
- Geiss, G. K., Bumgarner, R. E., An, M. C., Agy, M. B., van 't Wout, A. B., Hammersmark, E., Carter, V. S., Upchurch, D., Mullins, J. I., and Katze, M. G., Large-scale monitoring of host cell gene expression during HIV-1 infection using cDNA microarrays. Virology, 266, 8-16 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1999.0044
- Geng, Y. J. and Libby, P., Evidence for apoptosis in advanced human atheroma. Colocalization with interleukin-1 betaconverting enzyme. Am. J. Pathol., 147, 251-266 (1995)
- Gimbrone, M. A., Topper, J. N., Nagel, T., Anderson, K. R., and Garcia-Cardena, G., Endothelial dysfunction, hemodynamic forces, and atherogenesis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 902, 230- 239 (2000)
- Gimbrone, M. A., Bevilacqua, M. P., and Cybulsky, M. I., Endothelial-dependent mechanisms of leukocyte adhesion in inflammation and atherosclerosis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 598, 77-85 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb42279.x
- Ginsberg, S. D., Hemby, S. E., Lee, V. M., Eberwine, J. H., and Trojanowski, J. Q., Expression profile of transcripts in Alzheimer's disease tangle-bearing CA1 neurons. Ann. Neurol., 48, 77-87 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1002/1531-8249(200007)48:1<77::AID-ANA12>3.0.CO;2-A
-
Goebeler, M., Gillitzer, R., Kilian, K., Utzel, K., Brocker, E., Rapp, U. R., and Ludwig, S., Multiple signaling pathwayss regulate NF-
$\kappa$ B-dependent transcription of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene in primary endothelial cells. Blood, 97, 46-55 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V97.1.46 - Golub, T. R., Slonim, D. K., Tamayo, P., Huard, C., Gaasenbeek, M., Mesirov, J. P., Coller, H., Loh, M. L., Downing, J. R., Caligiuri, M. A., Bloomfield, C. D., and Lander, E.S., Molecular classification of cancer: Class discovery and class prediction by gene expression monitoring. Science, 286, 531-537 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5439.531
- Gottlieb, R. A., Burleson, K. O., Kloner, R. A., Babior, B. M., and Engler, R. L., Reperfusion injury induces apoptosis in rabbit cardiomyocytes. J. Clin. Invest., 94, 1621-1628 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI117504
- Grosch, S. and Kaina, B., Transcriptional activation of apurinic/ apyrimidinic endonuclease (Ape, Ref-1) by oxidative stress requires CREB. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 261, 859-863 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1999.1125
- Gu, L., Okada, Y., Clinton, S. K., Gerard, C., Sukhova, G. K., Libby, P., and Rollins, B. J., Absense of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 reduces atherosclerosis in low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. Mol. Cell., 2, 275-281 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80139-2
- Gu, L., Tseng, S. C., and Rollins, B. J., Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Chem. Immunol., 72, 7-29 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1159/000058723
-
Guan, Z., Buckman, S. Y., Pentland, A. P., Templeton, D. J., and Morrison, A. R., Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by the activated MEKK1
$\rightarrow$ SEK1/MKK4$\rightarrow$ p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J. Biol. Chem., 273, 12901-12908 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.21.12901 - Guha, M., Bai, W., Nadler, J. L., and Natarajan, R., Molecular mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor a gene expression in monocytic cells via hyperglycemia-induced oxidant stressdependent and -independent pathway. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 17728-17739 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.275.23.17728
- Hall, D. J., Bates, M. E., Guar, L., Cronan, M., Korpi, N., and Bertics, P. J., The role of p38 MAPK in rhinovirus-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production by monocyticlineage cells. J. Immunol., 174, 8056-8063 (2005) https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.174.12.8056
- Han, D. K., Haudenschild, C. C., Hong, M. K., Tinkle, B. T., Leon, M. B., and Liau, G., Evidence for apoptosis in human atherogenesis and in a rat vascular injury model. Am. J. Pathol., 147, 267-277 (1995)
- Han, J., Lee, J. D., Bibbs, L., and Ulevitch, R. J., A MAP kinase targeted by endotoxin and hyperosmolarity in mammalian cells. Science, 265, 808-811 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7914033
- Hempel, S. L., Haycraft, D. L., Hoak, J. C., and Spector, A. A., Reduced prostacyclin formation after reoxygenation of anoxic endothelium. Am. J. Physiol., 259, C739-C745 (1990)
- Hennig, B. and Chow, C. K., Lipid peroxidation and endothelial cell injury: implication in atherosclerosis. Free Radical Biol. Med., 4, 99-106 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(88)90070-6
- Hennig, B., Toborek, M., McClain, C. J., and Diana, J. N., Nutritional implications in vascular endothelial cell metabolism. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 15, 345-358 (1996) https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1996.10718609
- Heydeck, D., Thomas, L., Schnurr, K., Trebus, F., Thierfelder, W. E., Ihle, J. N., and Kühn, H., Interleukin-4 and -13 induce upregulation of the murine macrophage 12/15-lipoxygenase activity: Evidence for the involvement of transcription factor STAT6. Blood, 92, 2503-2510 (1998)
- Hiltunen, M. O., Tuomisto, T. T., Niemi, M., Brasen, J. H., Rissanen, T. T., Toronen, P., Vajanto, I., and Yla-Herttuala, S., Changes in gene expression in atherosclerotic plaques analyzed using DNA array. Atherosclerosis, 165, 23-32 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(02)00187-9
- Holvoet, P. and Collen, D., Oxidized lipoproteins in atherosclerosis and thrombosis. FASEB J., 8, 1279-1284 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.8.15.8001740
- Huber, S. A., Sakkinen, P., Conze, D., Hardin, N., and Tracy, R., Interleukin-6 exacerbates early atherosclerosis in mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 19, 2364-2367 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.19.10.2364
- Hull, M., Lieb, K., and Fiebich, B. L., Pathways of inflammatory activation in Alzheimer's disease: potential targets for disease modifying drugs. Curr. Med. Chem., 9, 83-88 (2002) https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867023371292
- Hunt, A. E., Williams, L. M., Lali, F. V., and Foxwell, B. M., IL-4 regulation of p38 MAPK signalling is dependent on cell type. Cytokine, 18, 295-303 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1006/cyto.2002.1043
- Hyams, J. S., Fitzgerald, J. E., Treem, W. R., Wyzga, N., and Kreutzer, D. L., Relationship of functional and antigenic interleukin 6 to disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology, 104, 1285-1292 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(93)90336-B
- Iademarco, M. F., McQuillan, J. J., and Dean, D. C., Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1: Contrasting transcriptional control mechanisms in muscle and endothelium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 90, 3943-3947 (1993)
- Iademarco, M. F., McQuillan, J. J., Rosen, G. D., and Dean, D. C., Characterization of the promoter for vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). J. Biol. Chem., 267, 16323- 16329 (1992)
- Ihle, J. N., STATs: Signal transducers and activators of transcription. Cell, 84, 331-334 (1996) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81277-5
- Ikeda, U., Ikeda, M., Oohara, T., Oguchi, A., Kamitani, K., Tsuruya, Y., and Kano, S., Interleukin-6 stimulates the growth of vascular cells in a PDGF-dependent manner. Am. J. Physiol., 260, H1713-H1717 (1991)
- Isner, J. M., Kearney, M., Bortman, S., and Passeri, J., Apoptosis in human atherosclerosis and restenosis. Circulation, 91, 2703-2711 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.91.11.2703
- Iwata, E., Asanuma, M., Nishibayashi, S., Kondo, Y., and Ogawa, N., Different effects of oxidative stress on activation of transcription factors in primary cultured rat neuronal and glial cells. Mol. Brain Res., 50, 213-220 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-328X(97)00190-3
- Ju, H., Behm, D.J., Nerurkar, S., Eybye, M. E., Haimbach, R. E., Olzinski, A. R., Douglas, S. A., and Willette, R. N., p38 MAPK inhibitors ameliorate target organ damage in hypertension: Part 1. p38 MAPK-dependent endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 307, 932-938 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.103.057422
- Ju, H., Nerurkar, S., Sauermelch, C. F., Olzinski, A. R., Mirabile, R., Zimmerman, D., Lee, J. C., Adams, J., Sisko, J., Berova, M., and Willette, R. N., Sustained activation of p38 mitogenactivated protein kinase contributes to the vascular response to injury. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 301, 15-20 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.301.1.15
- Kamitani, H., Geller, M., and Eling, T., Expression of 15- lipoxygenase by human colorectal carcinoma Caco-2 cells during apoptosis and cell differentiation. J. Biol. Chem., 273, 21569-21577 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.34.21569
- Kawashima, Y., Takeyoshi, I., Otani, Y., Koibuchi, Y., Yoshinari, D., Koyama, T., Kobayashi, M., Matsumoto, K., and Morishita, Y., FR167653 attenuates ischemia and reperfusion injury of the rat lung with suppressing p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J. Heart Lung Transplant., 20, 568-574 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-2498(01)00243-1
- Kishikawa, H., Shimokama, T., and Watanabe, T., Localization of T lymphocytes and macrophages expressing IL-1, IL-2 receptor, IL-6 and TNF in human aortic intima: role of cell mediated immunity in human atherogenesis. Virchows Arch. A. Pathol. Anat. Histopathol., 423, 433-442 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01606532
- Kishimoto, T., Interleukin-6: From basic science to medicine-40 years in immunology. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 23, 1-21 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115806
- Kobayashi, M., Takeyoshi, I., Yoshinari, D., Matsumoto, K., and Morishita, Y., P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury of the rat liver. Surgery, 131, 344-349 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1067/msy.2002.121097
- Kochx, M. M., De Meyer, G. R., Muhring, J., Bult, H., Bultinck, J., and Herman, A. G., Distribution of cell replication and apoptosis in atherosclerotic plaques of cholesterol-fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis, 120, 115-124 (1996) https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(95)05691-2
- Kühn, H. and Chan, L., The role of 15-lipoxygenase in atherogenesis: pro- and antiatherogenic actions. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 8, 111-117 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1097/00041433-199704000-00009
- Kumar, S., Boehm, J., and Lee, J. C., p38 MAP kinases: Key signaling molecules as therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2, 717-726 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1177
- Kurzrock, R., Redman, J., Cabanillas, F., Jones, D., Rothberg, J., and Talpaz, M., Serum interleukin 6 levels are elevated in lymphoma patients and correlate with survival in advanced Hodgkin's disease and with B symptoms. Cancer Res., 53, 2118-2122 (1993)
-
Lavie, J., Dandre, F., Louis, H., Lamaziere, J. D., and Bonnet, J., Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene expression during human smooth muscle cell differentiation is independent of NF-
$\kappa$ B activation. J. Biol. Chem., 274, 2308-2314 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.4.2308 -
Lakshminarayanan, V., Drab-Weiss, E. A., and Roebuck, K. A., Hydrogen peroxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induce differential binding of the redox-responsive transcription factors AP-1 and NF-
$\kappa$ B to the interleukin-8 promoter in endothelial and epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem., 273, 32670- 32678 (1996) https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.49.32670 - Lee, J. C., Laydon, J. T., McDonnell, P. C., Gallagher, T. F., Kumar, S., Green, D., McNulty, D., Blemental, M. J., Keys, J. R., Landvatter, S. W., Strickler, J. E., McLaughlin, M. M., Siemens, I. R., Fisher, S. M., Livi, G. P., White, J. R., Adams, J. L., and Young, P. R., A protein kinase involved in the regulation of inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis. Nature, 372, 739-746 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1038/372739a0
- Lee, Y. W., Eum, S. Y., Nath, A., and Toborek, M., Estrogenmediated protection against HIV Tat protein-induced inflammatory pathways in human vascular endothelial cells. Cardiovasc. Res., 63, 139-148 (2004a) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.03.006
- Lee, Y. W., Eum, S. Y., Chen, K. C., Hennig, B., and Toborek, M., Gene expression profile in interleukin-4-stimulated human vascular endothelial cells. Mol. Med., 10, 19-27 (2004b) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-003-0164-7
-
Lee, Y. W., Hennig, B., Fiala, M., Kim, K. S., and Toborek, M., Cocaine activates redox-regulated transcription factors and induces TNF-
$\alpha$ expression in human brain endothelial cells. Brain Res., 920, 125-133 (2001a) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(01)03047-5 - Lee, Y. W., Hennig, B., and Toborek, M., Redox-regulated mechanisms of IL-4-induced MCP-1 expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol., 284, H185-H192 (2003)
-
Lee, Y. W., Hennig, B., Yao, J., and Toborek, M., Methamphetamine induces AP-1 and NF-
$\kappa$ B binding and transactivation in human brain endothelial cells. J. Neurosci. Res., 66, 583- 591 (2001b) https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.1248 - Lee, Y. W., Kühn, H., Hennig, B., and Toborek M., IL-4 induces apoptosis of endothelial cells through the caspase-3- dependent pathway. FBES Lett., 485, 122-126 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(00)02208-0
- Lee, Y. W., Kühn, H., Hennig, B., Daugherty, A., and Toborek M., Interleukin-4 induces transcription of the 15-lipoxygenase-I gene in human endothelial cells. J. Lipid Res., 42, 783-791 (2001c)
- Lee, Y. W., Kühn, H., Hennig, B., Neish, A. S., and Toborek, M., IL-4-induced oxidative stress upregulates VCAM-1 gene expression in human endothelial cells. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., 33, 83-94 (2001d) https://doi.org/10.1006/jmcc.2000.1278
- Lee, Y. W., Son, K. W., Flora, G., Hennig, B., Nath, A., and Toborek, M., Methamphetamine activates DNA binding of specific redox-responsive transcription factors in mouse brain. J. Neurosci. Res., 70, 82-89 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.10370
- Levy, B. D., Romano, M., Chapman, H. A., Reilly, J. J., Drazen, J., and Serhan, C. N., Human alveolar macrophages have 15-lipoxygenase and generate 15(S)-hydroxy-5,8,11-cistrans- eicosatetraenoic acid and lipoxins. J. Clin. Invest., 92, 1572-1579 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI116738
- Libby, P. and Galis, Z. S., Cytokines regulate genes involved in atherogenesis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 748, 158-168 (1995)
- Libby, P., Ridker, P. M., and Maseri, A., Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation, 105, 1135-1143 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1161/hc0902.104353
- Lukacs, N. W., Strieter, R. M., Elner, V., Evanoff, H. L., Burdick, M. D., and Kunkel, S. L., Production of chemokines, interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, during monocyte: endothelial cell interactions. Blood, 86, 2767-2773 (1995)
- Luscinskas, F. W. and Gimbrone, M. A., Endothelial-dependent mechanisms in chronic inflammatory leukocyte recruitment. Annu. Rev. Med., 47, 413-421 (1996) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.47.1.413
- Ma, X. L., Kumar, S., Gao, F., Louden, C. S., Lopez, B. L., Christopher, T. A., Wang, C., Lee, J. C., Feuerstein, G. Z., and Yue, T. L., Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase decreases cardiomyocyte apoptosis and improves cardiac function after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Circulation, 99, 1685-1691 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.99.13.1685
- Madamanchi, N. R., Li, S., Patterson, C., and Runge, M. S., Reactive oxygen species regulate heat-shock protein 70 via the JAK-STAT pathway. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 21, 321-326 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.21.3.321
- Madhok, R., Crilly, A., Watson, J., and Capell, H. A., Serum interleukin 6 levels in rheumatoid arthritis: correlations with clinical and laboratory indices of disease activity. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 52, 232-234 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.52.3.232
- Masinovsky, B., Urdal, D., and Gallatin, W. M., IL-4 acts synergistically with IL-1 beta to promote lymphocyte adhesion to microvacular endothelium by induction of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. J. Immunol., 145, 2886-2895 (1990)
-
McCarty, J. M., Yee, E. K., Deisher, T. A., Harlan, J. M., and Kaushansky, K., Interleukin-4 induces endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) by an NF-
$\kappa$ B-independent mechanism. FEBS Lett., 372, 194-198 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(95)00976-G - Mirnics, K., Middleton, F. A., Marquez, A., Lewis, D. A., and Levitt, P., Molecular characterization of schizophrenia viewed by microarray analysis of gene expression in prefrontal cortex. Neuron, 28, 53-67 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00085-4
- Neish, A. S., Khachigian, L. M., Park, A., Baichwal, V. R., and Collins, T., Sp1 is a component of the cytokine-inducible enhancer in the promoter of vascular cell adhesion molecule- 1. J. Biol. Chem., 270, 28903-28909 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.48.28903
- Neish, A. S., Williams, A. J., Palmer, H. J., Whitley, M. Z., and Collins, T., Functional analysis of the human vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 promoter. J. Exp. Med., 176, 1583-1593 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.176.6.1583
- Nelken, N. A., Coughlin, S. R., Gordon, D., and Wilcox, J. N., Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human atheromatous plaques. J. Clin. Invest., 88, 1121-1127 (1991) https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI115411
- Osborn, L., Hession, C., Tizard, R., Vassallo, C., Luhowskyj, S., Chi-Rosso, G., and Lobb, R., Direct expression cloning of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, a cytokine-induced endothelial protein that binds to lymphocytes. Cell, 59, 1203- 1211 (1989) https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(89)90775-7
- Paul, W. E., Interleukin-4: a prototypic immunoregulatory lymphokine. Blood, 77, 1859-1870 (1991)
- Pearson, G., Robinson, F., Gibson, T. B., Xu, B., Karandikar, M., Berman, K., and Cobb, M. H., Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways: regulation and physiological functions. Endocr. Rev., 22, 153-183 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1210/er.22.2.153
- Pernis, A., Witthuhn, B., Keegan, A. D., Nelms, K., Garfein, E., Ihle, J. N., Paul, W. E., Pierce, J. H., and Rothman, P., Interleukin 4 signals through two related pathways. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 92, 7971-7975 (1995)
- Pober, J. S., Activation and injury of endothelial cells by cytokines. Pathol. Biol., 46, 159-163 (1998)
- Pohlman, T. H. and Harlan, J. M., Human endothelial cell response to lipopolysaccharide, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor is regulated by protein synthesis. Cell. Immunol., 119, 41-52 (1989) https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8749(89)90222-0
- Polunovsky, V. A., Wendt, C. H., Ingbar, D. H., Peterson, M. S., and Bitterman, P. B., Induction of endothelial cell apoptosis by TNF alpha: modulation by inhibitors of protein synthesis. Exp. Cell Res., 214, 584-594 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1006/excr.1994.1296
- Profita, M., Vignola, A. M., Sala, A., Mirabella, A., Siena, L., Pace, E., Folco, G., and Bonsignore, G., Interleukin-4 enhances 15- lipoxygenase activity and incorporation of 15(S)-HETE into cellular phospholipids in cultured pulmonary epithelial cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol., 20, 61-68 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1165/ajrcmb.20.1.3151
- Rahman, I. and MacNee, W., Regulation of redox glutathione levels and gene transcription in lung inflammation: Therapeutic approaches. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 28, 1405-1420 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00215-X
- Reape, T. J. and Groot, P. H., Chemokines and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 147, 213 -225 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00346-9
- Ridker, P. M., Hennekens, C. H., Buring, J. E., and Rifai, N., Creactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med., 342, 836-843 (2000a) https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200003233421202
- Ridker, P. M., Rifai, N., Stampfer, M. J., and Hennekens, C. H., Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation, 101, 1767-1772 (2000b) https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.101.15.1767
- Rocken, M., Racke, M., and Shevach, E. M., IL-4-induced immune deviation as antigen-specific therapy for inflammatory autoimmune disease. Immunol. Today, 17, 225-231 (1991) https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-5699(96)80556-1
- Rollins, B. J., Chemokines. Blood, 90, 909-928 (1997)
- Rollins, B. J. and Pober, J. S., Interleukin-4 induces the synthesis and secretion of MCP-1/JE by human endothelial cells. Am. J. Pathol., 138, 1315-1319 (1991)
- Ross, R., Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. Am. Heart J., 138, S419-S420 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8703(99)70266-8
- Ross, R., The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Nature, 362, 801-809 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1038/362801a0
- Saccani, S., Pantano, S., and Natoli, G., p38-Dependent marking of inflammatory genes for increased NF-kappa B recruitment. Nat. Immunol., 3, 69-75 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1038/ni748
- Sasaguri, T., Arima, N., Tanimoto, A., Shimajiri, S., Hamada, T., and Sasaguri, Y., A role for interleukin 4 in production of matrix metalloproteinase 1 by human aortic smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis, 138, 247-253 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(97)00296-7
- Schindler, C. and Dranell Jr., J. E., Transcriptional responses to polypeptide ligands: the JAK-STAT pathway. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 64, 621-651 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.64.070195.003201
- Schleimer, R. P., Sterbinsky, S. A., Kaiser, J., Bickel, C .A., Klunk, D. A., Tomioka, K., Newman, W., Luscinskas, F. W., Gimbrone, M. A., and McIntyre Jr., B. W., IL-4 induces adherence of human eosinophils and basophils but not neutrophils to endothelium. Association with expression of VCAM-1. J. Immunol., 148, 1086-1092 (1992)
- Schnurr, K., Borchert, A., and Kühn, H., Inverse regulation of lipid-peroxidizing and hydroperoxyl lipid-reducing enzymes by interleukins 4 and 13. FASEB J., 13, 143-154 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.13.1.143
- Schreck, R., Albermann, K., and Baeurele, P. A., Nuclear factor kappa B: an oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells. Free Radic. Res. Commun., 17, 221-237 (1992) https://doi.org/10.3109/10715769209079515
- Schulze, A. and Downward, J., Navigating gene expression using microarrays-a technology review. Nature Cell Biol., 3, E190-E195 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1038/35087138
- Seger, R. and Krebs E. G., The MAPK signaling cascade. FASEB J., 9, 726-735 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.9.9.7601337
- Seino, Y., Ikeda, U., Ikeda, M., Yamamoto, K., Misawa, Y., Hasegawa, T., Kano, S., and Shimada, K., Interleukin 6 gene transcripts are expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions. Cytokine, 6, 87-91 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1016/1043-4666(94)90013-2
- Seino, Y., Ikeda, U., Takahashi, M., Hojo, Y., Irokawa, M., Kasahara, T., and Shimada, K., Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in vascular tissue. Cytokine, 7, 575-579 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1006/cyto.1995.0078
- Sendobry, S. M., Cornicelli, J. A., Welch, K., Bocan, T., Tait, B., Trivedi, B. K., Colbry, N., Dyer, R. D., Feinmark, S. J., and Daugherty, A., Attenuation of diet-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits with a highly selective 15-lipoxygenase inhibitor lacking significant antioxidant properties. Br. J. Pharmacol., 120, 1199-1206 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0701007
- Shyy, Y. J., Li, Y. S., and Kolattukudy, P. E., Structure of human monocyte chemotactic protein gene and its regulation by TPA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 169, 346-351 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(90)90338-N
- Simmons, P. J., Masinovsky, B., Longenecker, B. M., Berenson, R., Torok-Storb, B., and Gallatin, W. M., Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expressed by bone marrow stromal cells mediates the binding of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood, 80, 388- 395 (1992)
- Simon, A. R., Rai, U., Fanburg, B. L., and Cochran, B. H., Activation of the JAK-STAT pathway by reactive oxygen species. Am. J. Physiol., 275, C1640-C1652 (1998)
- Sparrow, C. P., Parthasarathy, S., and Steinberg, D., Enzymatic modification of low density lipoprotein by purified lipoxygenase plus phospholipase A2 mimics cell-mediated oxidative modification. J. Lipid Res., 29, 745-753 (1998)
- Stanimirovic, D., Zhang, W., Howlett, C., Lemieux P., and Smith, C., Inflammatory gene transcription in human astrocytes exposed to hypoxia: roles of the nuclear factor-kB and autocrine stimulation. J. Neuroimmunol., 119, 365-376 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-5728(01)00402-7
- Strieter, R. M., Wiggins, R., Phan, S. H., Wharram, B. L., Showell, H. J., Remick, D. G., Chensue, S. W., and Kunkel, S. L., Monocyte chemotactic protein gene expression by cytokine-treated human fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 162, 694-700 (1989) https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(89)92366-8
- Sukovich, D. A., Kauser, K., Shirley, F. D., DelVecchio, V., Halks- Miller, M., and Rubanyi, G. M., Expression of interleukin-6 in atherosclerotic lesions of male apoE-knockout mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 18, 1498-1505 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.18.9.1498
- Suzuki, E., Satonaka, H., Nishimatsu, H., Oba, S., Takeda, R., Omata, M., Fujita, T., Nagai, R., and Hirata, Y., Myocyte enhancer factor 2 mediates vascular inflammation via the p38-dependent pathway. Circ. Res., 95, 42-49 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.0000134631.75684.4A
- Takeda, K. and Akira, S., STAT family of transcription factors in cytokine-mediated biological responses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 11, 199-207 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6101(00)00005-8
- Takeya, M., Yoshimura, T., Leonard, E. J., and Takahashi, K., Detection of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human atherosclerotic lesions by an anti-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 monoclonal antibody. Hum. Pathol., 24, 534-539 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1016/0046-8177(93)90166-E
-
Tamaru, M. and Narumi, S., E-selectin gene expression is induced synergistically with the coexistence of activated classic protein kinase C and signals elicited by interleukin-1b but not tumor necrosis factor-
$\alpha$ . J. Biol. Chem., 274, 3753-3763 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.6.3753 - Taubman, M. B., Rollins, B. J., Poon, M., Marmur, J., Green, R. S., Berk, B. C., and Nadal-Ginard, B., JE mRNA accumulates rapidly in aortic injury and in platelet-derived growth factorstimulated vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ. Res., 70, 314- 325 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.70.2.314
-
Thornhill, M. H. and Haskard, D. O., IL-4 regulates endothelial cell activation by IL-1, tumor necrosis factor, or IFN-
$\gamma$ . J. Immunol., 145, 865-872 (1990) - Thornhill, M. H., Kyan-Aung, A. U., and Haskard, D. O., IL-4 increases human endothelial cell adhesiveness for T cells but not for neutrophils. J. Immunol., 144, 3060-3065 (1990)
- Toborek, M. and Kaiser, S., Endothelial cell functions. Relationship to atherogenesis. Basic Res. Cardiol., 94, 295-314 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1007/s003950050156
- Toborek, M., Lee, Y. W., Garrido, R., Kaiser, S., and Hennig, B., Unsaturated fatty acids selectively induce an inflammatory environment in human endothelial cells. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 75, 119-125 (2002a) https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/75.1.119
- Toborek, M., Lee, Y. W., Kaiser, S., and Hennig, B., Measurement of inflammatory properties of fatty acids in human endothelial cells. Methods Enzymol., 352, 198-219 (2002b) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(02)52020-6
- Ueda, A., Ishigatsubo, Y., Okubo, T., and Yoshimura T., Transcriptional regulation of the human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 31092-31099 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.49.31092
-
Verhasselt, V., Goldman, M., and Willems, F., Oxidative stress up-regulates IL-8 and TNF-
$\alpha$ synthesis by human dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol., 28, 3886-3890 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199811)28:11<3886::AID-IMMU3886>3.0.CO;2-M - Waetzig, G. H., Seegert, D., Rosenstiel, P., Nikolaus, S., and Schreiber, S., p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is activated and linked to TNF-alpha signaling in inflammatory bowel disease. J. Immunol., 168, 5342-5351 (2002) https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.168.10.5342
- Watson, J. M., Berek, J. S., and Martinez-Maza, O., Growth inhibition of ovarian cancer cells induced by antisense IL-6 oligonucleotides. Gynecol. Oncol., 49, 8-15 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1006/gyno.1993.1077
- Watson, A., Mazumder, A., Stewart, M., and Balasubramanian, S., Technology for microarray analysis of gene expression. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 9, 609-614 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-1669(98)80138-9
- Westra, J., Kuldo, J. M., van Rijswijk, M. H., Molema, G., and Limburg, P. C., Chemokine production and E-selectin expression in activated endothelial cells are inhibited by p38 MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) inhibitor RWJ 67657. Int. Immunopharmacol., 5, 1259-1269 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2005.03.005
- Whelan, J., Selectin synthesis and inflammation. Trends Biochem. Sci., 21, 65-69 (1996) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-0004(96)80184-8
-
Wright, P. S., Cooper, J. R., Kropp, K. E., and Busch, S. J., Induction of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression by IL-4 in human aortic smooth muscle cells is not associated with increased nuclear NF-
$\kappa$ B levels. J. Cell. Physiol., 180, 381-389 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199909)180:3<381::AID-JCP9>3.0.CO;2-F - Wung, B. S., Cheng, J. J., Hsieh, H. J., Shyy, Y. J., and Wang, D. L., Cyclic strain-induced monocyte chemtactic protein-1 gene expression in endothelial cells involves reactive oxygen species activation of activator protein 1. Circ. Res., 81, 1-7 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.81.1.1
- Ylä-Herttuala, S., Gene expression in atherosclerotic lesions. Hertz., 17, 270-276 (1992)
- Ylä-Herttuala, S., Lipton, B. A., Rosenfeld, M. E., Sarkioja, T., Yoshimura, T., Leonard, E. J., Witztum, J. L., and Steinberg, D., Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in macrophage-rich areas of human and rabbit atherosclerotic lesions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 88, 5252-5256 (1991)
- Ylä-Herttuala, S., Rosenfeld, M. E., Parthasarathy, S., Glass, C. K., Sigal, E., Witztum, J. T., and Steinberg, D., Colocalization of 15-lipoxygenase mRNA and protein with epitopes of oxidized low density lipoprotein in macrophage-rich areas of atherosclerotic lesions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 87, 6959-6963 (1990)
-
Zhou, Z-H. L., Chaturvedi, P., Han, Y., Aras, S., Li, Y., Kolattukudy, P. E., Ping, D., Boss, J. M., and Ransohoff, R. M., IFN-
${\gamma}$ induction of the human monocyte chemoattractant protein (hMCP)-1 gene in astrocytoma cells: Functional interaction between an IFN-$\gamma$ -activated site and a GC-rich element. J. Immunol., 160, 3908-3916 (1998)