References
- Ismail AI, Burt BA, Eklund SA. Epidemiologic patterns of smoking and periodontal disease in the United States. J Am Dent Assoc 1983;106:617-621 https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1983.0137
- Bergstrom J. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor in chronic periodontal disease. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1989;17:245-247 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1989.tb00626.x
- Harber J, Wattles J, Crowley M, Mandell R, Joshipura K, Kent RL. Evidence for cigarette smoking as a major risk factor for periodontitis. J Periodontol 1993;64:16-23 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1993.64.1.16
- Papapanou PN. Periodontal diseases: Epidemiology. Ann Periodontol 1996;1:1-36 https://doi.org/10.1902/annals.1996.1.1.1
- Grossi SG, Zambon JJ, Ho AW, Koch G, Dunford RG, Machtei EE, Norderyd OM, Genco RJ. Assessment of risk for periodontal disease. I. Risk indicators for attachment loss. J Periodontol 1994;65:260-267 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1994.65.3.260
- Grossi SG, Genco RJ, Machtei EE, Ho AW, Koch G, Dunford RG, Zambon JJ, Hausmann E. Assessment of risk for periodontal disease. II. Risk indicators for alveolar bone loss. J Periodontol 1995;66:23-29 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1995.66.1.23
- Martinez-Canut P, Lorca A, Magan R. Smoking and periodontal disease severity. J Clin Periodontol 1995;66:23-29 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1995.66.1.23
- Feldman RS, Bravacos JS, Rose CL. Association between smoking different tobacco products and periodontal disease indexes. J Periodontol 1983;54:481-487 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1983.54.8.481
- Bergstrom J, Eliasson S, Preber J. Cigarette smoking and periodontal bone loss. J Periodontol 1991;62:242-246 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1991.62.4.242
- Preber H, Bergstrom J. The effect of non-surgical treatment on periodontal pockets in smokers and non-smokers. J Clin Periodontol 1985;13:319-323 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1986.tb02229.x
- Preber H, Bergstrom J. Effect of cigarette smoking on periodontal healing following surgical therapy. J Clin Periodontol 1990;17:324-328 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1990.tb01098.x
- Grossi SG, Skrepcinski FB, DeCaro T, Zambon JJ, Cummins D, Genco RJ. Response to periodontal therapy in dia¬betics and smokers. J Periodontol 1996;67:1094-1102 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1996.67.10s.1094
- Ah MK, Johnson GK, Kaldahl WE, Patil KD, Kalkwarf KL. The effect of smoking on the response to periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol 1994;.21:91-97 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1994.tb00285.x
- Bostrom L, Linder LE, Bergstrom J. Influence of smoking on the outcome of periodontal surgery. A 5-year follow up. J Clin Periodontol 1998;25:194-201 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02428.x
- Nobel RC, Penny B. Comparisons of leukocyte count and function in smoking and nonsmoking young men. Infect Immun 1975;12:550-555
- Kenny EB, Kraal JH, Saxe SR, Jones J. The effects of cigarette smoke on human oral polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis and cigarette smoking. J Periodontol 1992;63:908-913 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1992.63.11.908
- Ryder MI, Fujitaki R, Johnson G, Hyun W. Alterations of neutrophil oxidative burst by in vitro smoke exposure: Implications for oral and systemic diseases. Ann Periodontol 1998;3:76-87 https://doi.org/10.1902/annals.1998.3.1.76
- Holt PG, Keast D. Environmentally induced changes in immunological function: Acute and chronic effects of inhalation of tobacco smoke and other atmospheric contaminants in man and experimental animals. Bacteriol Rev 1977;41:205-216
- Johnson JD, Houchens DP, Kluwe WM, Craig DK, Fisher GLI. Effects of mainstream and environmental tobacco smoke on the immune system in animals and humans. A review. Crit Rev Toxicol 1990;20:369-395 https://doi.org/10.3109/10408449009089870
- Zambon JJ, Grossi SG, Machtei EE, Ho AW, Dunford R, Genco RJ. Cigarette smoking increases the risk for subgingival infection with periodontal pathogens. J Periodontol 1996;67: 1057-1054
- Grossi SG, Zambon J, Machtei EE, Schifferle R, Andreana S, Genco RJ, Cummins D, Harrap G. Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on healing after mechanical periodontal therapy. J Am Dent Assoc 1997;128:99-607
- Gibbs CH, Hirschfeld JW, Lee JG, Low SB, Magnusson I, Thousand RR, Yemini P, Clark WB. Description and clinical evaluation of a new computerized periodontal probe-the Florida probe. J Clin Periodontol 1988;15:137-144 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1988.tb01008.x
- Silness J, Loe H. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontol Scand 1964;22:121-35 https://doi.org/10.3109/00016356408993968
- Preber H, Bergstrom J. Effect of non-surgical treatment on gingival bleeding in smokers and non-smokers. Acta Odontol Scand 1986;44:85-89 https://doi.org/10.3109/00016358609041312
- Pucher JJ, Shibley O, Dentino AR, Ciancio SG. Results of limited initial periodontal therapy in smokers and nonsmokers. J Periodontol 1997;68:851-856 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1997.68.9.851
- Tonetti MS, Pini-Prato G, Cortellini P. Effect of cigarette smoking on periodontal healing following GTR in infrabony defects. J Clin Periodontol 1995;22:229-234 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1995.tb00139.x
- Preshaw PM, Lauffart B, Zak E, Jeffcoat MK, Barton I, Heasman PA. Progression and treatment of chronic adult periodontitis. J Periodontol 1999;70:1209-1220 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1999.70.10.1209
- Palmer RM, Matthews JP, Wilson RF. Non-surgical periodontal treatment with and without adjunctive metronidazole in smokers and non-smokers. J Clin Periodontol 1999;26:158-163 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051X.1999.260305.x
- Winkel EG, van Windelhoff AJ, Timmerman MF, Van der Velden U, Van der Weijden GA. Amoxicillin plus metronidazole in the treatment of adult periodontitis patients. A double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:296-305 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.028004296.x
- Ramfjord SP, Caffesse RG, Morrison EC, Hill RW, Kerry GJ, Appleberry EA, Nissle RR, Stults DL. Four modalities of periodontal treatment compared over 5 years. J Clin Periodontol 1987;14:445-452 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1987.tb02249.x
- Kinane DF, & Radvar M. The effect of smoking on mechanical and antimicrobial periodontal therapy. J Periodontol 1997;68:467 -472 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1997.68.5.467
- Loesche WJ, Gusberti F, Mettraux GR, Higgins T, Syed S. Relationship between oxygen tension and subgingival bacterial flora in untreated human periodontal pockets. Infect Immun 1983;42:659-667
- Eichel B, Shahrik HA. Tobacco smoke toxicity: Loss of human oral leukocyte function and fluid cell metabolism. Science 1969;166:1424-1426 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.166.3911.1424
- Quinn SM, Zhang JB, Gunsolley JC,, Schenkein HA, Tew JG. The influence of smoking and race on adult periodontitis and serum IgG2 levels, J Periodontol 1998;69:171-177 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1998.69.2.171
- Quinn SM, Zhang JB, Gunsolley JC,, Schenkein JG, Schenkein HA, Tew JG. Influence of smoking and race on immunoglobulin G subclass concentrations in early-onset periodontitis patients. Infect Immun 1996;64:2500-2505
- Payne JB, Johnson GK, Reinhardt RA, Dyer JK, Maze CA, Dunning DG. Nicotine effects on PGE2 and IL-1 beta release by LPS-treated human monocytes. J Periodont Res 1996;31: 99-104 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1996.tb00470.x
- Bernzweig E, Payne JB, Reinhardt RA, Dyer JK, Patil KD. Nicotine and smokeless tobacco effects on gingival and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Clin Periodontol 1998;25:246-252 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02435.x
- Bostrom L, Linder LE, Bergstrom J. Clinical expression of TNF-alpha in smoking associated periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 1998;25:767-773 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02368.x
- Baab DA, Oberg PA. The effect of cigarette smoking on gingival blood flow in humans. J Clin Periodontol 1987;14:418-424 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1987.tb01547.x
- Blann AD, McCollum CN. Adverse influence of cigarette smoking on the endothelium. Thromb Haemost 1993;70:707-711
- Tipton DA, Dabbous MKH. Effect of nicotine on proliferation and extracellular matrix production of human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. J Periodontol 1995;66:1056-1064 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1995.66.12.1056
- Raulin LA, McPherson JC, McQuade MJ, Hanson BS. The effect of nicotine on the attachment of human fibroblasts to glass and human root surfaces in vitro. J Periodontol 1988;59:318-325 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1988.59.5.318
- Peacock ME, Sutherland DE, Schuster GS, Brennan WA, O'Neal RB, Strong SL, Van Dyke TE. The effect of nicotine on reproduction and attachment of human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. J Periodontol 1993;64:658-665 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1993.64.7.658
- Tonetti MS. Cigarette smoking and periodontal diseases: Etiology and management of disease. Ann Periodontol 1998;3:88-101 https://doi.org/10.1902/annals.1998.3.1.88