Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology

The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnology (한국미생물·생명공학회)
권호 표지

Differential Transformation of Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng by Lactic Acid Bacteria

  • Chi, Hyun (Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University) ;
  • Lee, Bo-Hyun (Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University) ;
  • You, Hyun-Ju (Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University) ;
  • Park, Myung-Soo (Department of Hotel Culinary Art, Anyang Technical College) ;
  • Ji, Geun-Eog (Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University)
  • Published : 2006.10.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Ginsenosides have been regarded as the principal components responsible for the pharmacological and biological activities of ginseng. The transformation of ginsenosides with live lactic acid bacteria transformed ginsenosides Rb2 and Rc into Rd, but the reactions were slow. When the crude enzymes obtained from several lactic acid bacteria were used for transformation, those from Bifidobacterium sp. Int57 exhibited the most potent transforming activity of ginsenosides to compound K. In comparison, a relatively higher level of Rh2 was produced by the enzymes from Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. These results suggest that it is feasible to develop a specific bioconversion process to obtain specific ginsenosides using the appropriate combination of ginsenoside substrates and specific microbial enzymes.

Keywords

References

  1. Akao, T., M. Kanaoka, and K. Kobashi. 1998. Appearance of compound K, a major metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1 by intestinal bacteria, in rat plasma after oral administration---Measurement of compound K by enzyme immunoassay. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 21: 245-249 https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.21.245
  2. Akao, T., H. Kida, M. Kanaoka, M. Hattori, and K. Kobashi. 1998. Intestinal bacterial hydrolysis is required for the appearance of compound K in rat plasma after oral administration of ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 50: 1155-1160 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb03327.x
  3. Bae, E. A., S. Y. Park, and D. H. Kim. 2000. Constitutive beta-glucosidases hydrolyzing ginsenoside Rb1 and Rb2 from human intestinal bacteria. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 23: 1481-1485 https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.23.1481
  4. Bae, E. A., M. J. Han, M. K. Choo, S. Y. Park, and D. H. Kim. 2002. Metabolism of 20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 by human intestinal bacteria and its relation to in vitro biological activities. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 25: 58-63 https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.25.58
  5. Chang, H. M. 1986. Pharmacology and Application of Chinese Material Medica. Vol 1. World Scientific, Singapore
  6. Choi, E. K. and G. E. Ji. 2005. Food microorganisms that effectively hydrolyze O-glycoside but not C-glycoside isoflavones in Puerariae radix. J. Food Sci. 70: C25-C28 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb09015.x
  7. Han, B. H., M. H. Park, Y. N. Han, L. K. Woo, U. Sankawa, S. Yahara, and O. Tanaka. 1982. Degradation of ginseng saponins under mild acidic conditions. Planta Med. 44: 146-149 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971425
  8. Hasegawa, H., J. H. Sung, S. Matsumiya, and M. Uchiyama. 1996. Main ginseng saponin metabolites formed by intestinal bacteria. Planta Med. 62: 453-457 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957938
  9. Hasegawa, H., J. W. Sung, and Y. Benno. 1997. Role of human intestinal Prevotela oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta Med. 63: 436-440 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957729
  10. Huang, K. C. 1999. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Florida
  11. Kanaoda, M., T. Akao, and K. Kobashi. 1994. Metabolism of ginseng saponins, ginsenosides, by human intestinal bacteria. J. Trad. Med. 11: 241-245
  12. Karikura, M., T. Miyase, H. Tanizawa, T. Taniyama, and Y. Takino. 1991. Studies on absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of ginseng saponins. VII. Comparison of the decomposition modes of ginsenoside-Rb1 and -Rb2 in the digestive tract of rats. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 39: 2357-2361 https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.39.2357
  13. Karikura, M., H. Kato, F. Shimada, and S. Yano. 1992. Studies on the enzyme immunoassay of bioactive constituents contained in oriental medicinal drugs. VI. Enzyme immunoassay of ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 40: 314-317 https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.40.314
  14. Kim, H. Y., J. H. Yang, and G. E. Ji. 2005. Effect of bifidobacteria on production of allergy-related cytokines from mouse spleen cells. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 15: 265-268 https://doi.org/10.1159/000090402
  15. Ko, S. R., K. J. Choi, K. Uchida, and Y. Suzuki. 2003. Enzymatic preparation of ginsenosides Rg2, Rh1, and F1 from protopanaxatriol-type ginseng saponin mixture. Planta Med. 69: 285-286 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-38476
  16. Lee, B. H. and G. E. Ji. 2005. Effect of Bifidobacterium cell fractions on IL-6 production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 15: 740-744
  17. Lee, B. H., H. J. You, M. S. Park, B. Kwon, and G. E. Ji. 2006. Transformation of the glycosides from food materials by probiotics and food microorganisms. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 16: 497-504
  18. Lee, D. S., Y. S. Kim, C. N. Ko, K. H. Cho, H. S. Bae, K. S. Lee, J. J. Kim, E. K. Park, and D. H. Kim. 2002. Fecal metabolic activities of herbal components to bioactive compounds. Arch. Pharm. Res. 25: 165-169 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02976558
  19. Lee, F. C. 1992. Facts About Ginseng, the Elixir of Life. Hollyn International, New Jersey
  20. Mochizuki, M., C. Y. Yoo, K. Matsuzawa, K. Sato, I. Saiki, S. Tono-oda, K. Samukiwa, and I. Azuma. 1995. Inhibitory effect of tumor metastasis in mice by saponins, ginsenoside Rb2, 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3, of Red ginseng. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 18: 1197-1202 https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.18.1197
  21. Park, S. Y., G. E. Ji, Y. T. Ko, H. K. Jung, Z. Ustunol, and J. J. Pestka. 1999. Potentiation of hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and cytokine production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells exposed to human and commercial isolates of Bifidobacterium. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 46: 231-241 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(98)00197-4
  22. Sato, K., M. Mochizuki, I. Saiki, Y. C. Yoo, K. Samukawa, and I. Azuma. 1994. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and metastasis by a saponin of Panax ginseng-ginsenoside Rb2. metastasis by a saponin of Panax ginseng-ginsenoside Rb2. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 17:635-639 https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.17.635
  23. Tawab, M. A., U. Bahr, M. Karas, M. Wurglics, and M. Schubert-Zsilavecz. 2003. Degradation of ginsenosides in humans after oral administration. Drug Metab. Dispos. 31: 1065-1071 https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.31.8.1065
  24. Wu, J. Y., B. H. Gardner, C. I. Murphy, J. R. Seals, C. R. Kensil, J. Recchia, G. A. Beltz, G. W. Newman, and M. J. Newman. 1992. Saponin adjuvant enhancement of antigen-specific immune responses to an experimental HIV-1 vaccine. J. Immunol. 148: 1519-1525