ALGAE

The Korean Society of Phycology (한국조류학회(藻類))
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Selection of the Optimal Transplanting Method and Time for Restoration of Zostera marina Habitats

잘피(Zostera marina)서식지 복원을 위한 최적 이식방법 및 시기 선정에 관한 연구

  • Published : 2005.12.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Seagrass bed is an important component in coastal and estuarine ecosystems, providing food and shelter to a wide variety of fauna. Recently, seagrass coverage has declined significantly due to anthropogenic influences such as reclamation, dredging, and eutrophication and consequently, necessity of seagrass habitat restoration is rising. Transplantation experiments with Zostera marina using TERFS, staple method, and shell method have been conducted at Dadae Bay, Kosung Bay and Jindong Bay on the south coast of Korea to select an optimal transplanting method for restoration of Z. marina habitat. Three experimental sites located at the vicinity of natural Z. marina beds with an average water depth of about 4m. Z. marina plants, which were collected from donor bed in Koje Bay were also transplanted at 7 different time from October 2003 to July 2004 to find appropriate transplanting time. Density of Z. marina was monitored monthly at both transplanted areas and natural beds. Transplantation using the staple method showed the highest survival rate of transplant. Shell method was also an effective transplanting method at muddy areas in Kosung Bay and Jindong Bay, but not suitable at sandy areas in Dadae Bay. These results suggest that sediment composition of transplanting areas should be considered for the selection of the optimal transplanting method. Z. marina transplanted during fall usually showed the highest survival rate, while most Z. marina plants transplanted in summer died due to high lethal temperature during this period.

Keywords

References

  1. Addy C.E. 1947. Eel grass planting guide. Md. Conserv. 24: 16-17
  2. Bosworth W. and Short F.T. 1993. Mitigation plan for the New Hampshire commercial marine terminal development project in Portsmouth, NH. NH Department of Transportation, Port Authority
  3. Calumpong H.P. and Fonseca M.S, 2001. Seagrass transplantation and other seagrass restoration methods. In: Short F.T., Coles R.G. and Short C.A. (eds), Global Seagrass Research Methods. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 424-443
  4. Campell M.L., Bastyan G.R. and Walker D.l. 2000. A decisionbased framework to increase searass transplantation success. BioI. Mar. Medit. 7: 332-335
  5. Churchill A.C., Cok A.E. and Riner M.J. 1978. Stabilization of subtidal sediments by the transplantation of the seagrass Zostera marina L. New York Sea Grant Report Series. NYSSGP RS78-15
  6. Davis R.C. and Short F.T. 1997. Restoring eelgrass, Zostera marina L., habitat using a new transplanting technique: The horizontal rhizome method. Aquat. Bot. 59: 1-15 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00034-X
  7. Federal Register. 1990. Memorandums of Agreement (MOA). Clean Water Act Section 404(b)(1) Guidelines. Correction 55(48). pp. 9210-9213
  8. Fonseca M.S. and Fisher J.S. 1986. A comparison of canopy friction and sediment movement between four species of seagrass with reference to their ecology and restoration. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 29: 5-22
  9. Fonseca M.S., Kenworthy W.J. and Courtney F.X. 1996. Development of planted seagrass beds in Tampa Bay, FL, USA: I. Plant components. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 132: 127-139 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps132127
  10. Fonseca M.S., Kenworthy W.J. and Thayer G.W. 1998. Guidelines for the conservation and restoration of seagrasses in the United States and adjacent waters. NOAA Coastal Ocean Progrm/Decision Analysis Series NO. 12. NOAA Coastal Ocean Office, Silver Spring, MD
  11. Fukuda T. 1987. Development of the techniques for marine macrophyte (Zostera marina) bed creation-VIII: Manual for Zostera bed creation by the sowing method. Bull. Fish. Exper. Stn. Okayama Prefecture 2: 35-37
  12. Granger S.L., Traber M.S. and Nixon S.W. 2000. The influence of planting depth and density on germination and development of Zostera marina L. seeds. BioI. Mar. Medit. 7: 55-58
  13. Kelly Jr. J.A., Fuss J.A. and Hall J.R. 1971. The transplanting and survival of turtle grass, Thalassia testudinum in Boca Ciega Bay, Florida. Fish. Bull. 69: 273-280
  14. Larkum A.W.D. and West R.J. 1983. Stability, depletion and reservation of seagrass beds. Proc. Linn. Soc. NSW. 106: 201-212
  15. Lee K.-S. and Lee S.Y. 2003. The seagrasses of the Republic of Korea. In: Green E.P., Short F.T. and Spalding M.D. (eds), World Atlas of Seagrasses: present status and future conservation. University of California Press, Berkeley. pp. 193-198
  16. Lee K.-S., Kang C.K. and Kim Y.S. 2003. Seasonal dynamics of the seagrass Zostera marina on the south coast of the Korean peninsula. J. Korean Soc. Oceanogr. 38: 68-79
  17. Lee K.-S. 2004. Production assesment of eelgrass, Zostera marina using the plastochrone method compared with the conventional leaf marking technique. J. Korean Soc. Oceanogr. 39: 186-196
  18. Lee K.-S., Park S.R. and Kim J.B. 2005. Production dynamics of the eelgrass, Zostera marina in two bay systems on the south coast of the Korean peninsula. Mar. BioI. 147: 1091-1108 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0011-8
  19. Lee Long W.J. and Thorn R.M. 2001. Improving seagrass habitat quality. In: Short F.T., Coles R.G. and Short C.A. (eds), Global Seagrass Research Methods. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 407-423
  20. Lewis III R.J. 1987. The restoration and creation of seagrass meadows in the southeastern United States. In: Durako M.J., Phillips R.C. and Lewis R.J. III (eds), Proceedings of the Symposium on Subtropical-Tropical Seagrasss of the Southern United States. pp. 153-173
  21. Lewis R.R. and Phillips R.C. 1980. Occurrence of seeds and seedlings of Thalassia testudinum Banks ex Konig in the Florida Keys (USA). Aquat. Bot. 9: 377-380 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(80)90037-6
  22. Lord D., Paling E.l. and Gordon D. 1999. Review of Australian rehabilitation and restoration programs In: Butler A.J. and Jernakoff P. (eds), Seagrass in Australia: Strategic reviewand development of an R&D plan. SCIRO Publishing, Collingwood. pp. 65-115
  23. Muehlstein L.K., 1989. Perspectives on the wasting disease of eelgrass Zostera marina. Dis. Aquat. Org. 7: 211-221 https://doi.org/10.3354/dao007211
  24. Orth R.J. and Moore K.A. 1982. The biology and propagation of Zostera marina, eelgrass, in the Chesapeake Bay, Virginia. Final Report to the U.S.E.P.A. Chesapeake Bay Program. Annapolis, Maryland
  25. Orth R.J. and Moore K.A. 1986. Seasonal and year-to-year variations in the growth of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Aquat. Bot. 24: 335-341 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(86)90100-2
  26. Orth R.J., Harwell M.C. and Fishman J.R. 1999. A rapid and simple method for transplanting eelgrass using single unanchored shoots. Aquat. Bot. 64: 77-85 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(99)00007-8
  27. Orth R.J., Fishman J.R., Harwell M.C. and Marion S.R. 2003. Seed density effects on germination and initial seedling establishment in eelgrass in the Chesapeake Bay region, USA Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 250: 71-79 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps250071
  28. Paling E.l., Keulen M., Wheeler K., Phillips J. and Dyhrberg R. 2001. Mechanical seagrass transplantation in Western Australia. Ecol. Eng., 16: 331-339 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8574(00)00119-1
  29. Phillips R.C. 1974. Transplantation of seagrasses with special emphasis on eelgrass, Zostera marina L. Aquaculture 4: 161-176 https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(74)90031-3
  30. Phillips R.C. 1982. Seagrass Areas. In: Lewis III R.R. (ed.), Creation and restoration of coastal plant communities. CRC Press, Florida. pp. 173-201
  31. Phillips R.C. and McRoy C.P. 1990. Transplant methods. In: Phillips R.C. and McRoy C.P. (eds), Seagrass Research Methods. UNESCO, Paris. pp. 51-54
  32. SAS Institute. Inc. 1989. SAS/ STAT guidefor personal computers, version 6, 4th ed. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina
  33. Short F.T. and McRoy C.P. 1984. Nitrogen uptake by leaves and roots of the seagrass Zostera marina L. Bot. Mar. 27: 547-555 https://doi.org/10.1515/botm.1984.27.12.547
  34. Short F.T., Mathieson L.K. and Porter D. 1986. Recurrence of the eelgrass wasting disease at the border of New Hampshire and Maine, USA Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 29: 89-92 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps029089
  35. Short F.T. and Wyllie E.S. 1996. National and human-induced disturbance of seagrasses. Environ. Conserv. 23: 17-27 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900038212
  36. Short F.T., Davis R.C., Kopp B.S., Short C.A. and Burdick D.M. 2002. Site-selection model for optimal transplantation of eelgrass Zostera marina in the northeastern US. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 227: 253-267 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps227253
  37. Thorn R.M. 1990. A review of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) transplanting projects in the Pacific Northwest. Northeast Environ. J. 6: 121-137
  38. van Katwijk. M.M., Hermus D.C.R., de Jong D.J., Asmus R.M. and de Jonge V.N. 2000. Habitat suitability of the Wadden Sea for restoration of Zostera marina beds, Helgol. Mar. Res. 54: 117-128 https://doi.org/10.1007/s101520050010
  39. Ward L.G., Kemp W.M. and Boynton W.R. 1984. The influence of waves and seagrass communities on suspended particulates in an estuarine embayment. Mar. Geol. 59: 85-103 https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(84)90089-6
  40. West R.J., Jacobs N.E. and Roberts B.E. 1990. Experimental transplanting of seagrasses in Botany Bay, Australia. Mar. Poll. Bull. 21: 97-203
  41. Wetzel R.G. and Penhale P.A. 1983. Production ecology of seagrass communities in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Mar. Techn. Soc. J. 17: 22-31
  42. Zimmerman R.C. Reguzzoni J.L. and Alberte R.S. 1995. Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) transplants in San Francisco Bay: Role of light availability on metabolism, growth and survival. Aquat. Bot. 51: 67-86 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(95)00472-C

Cited by

  1. Marine Environmental Characteristics of Seagrass Habitat in Seomjin River Estuary vol.28, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.5574/KSOE.2014.28.3.236
  2. A Case Study of the Sea Area Utilization Consultation for the Conservation of Marine Protected Seagrass Species vol.28, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.13000/JFMSE.2016.28.4.957