Feeding Preference of Foraging Ants on Insect Cadavers Killed by Entomopathogenic Nematode and Symbiotic Bacteria in Golf Courses

골프장에서 곤충병원성 선충과 공생세균 처리에 대한 개미의 섭식 선호성

  • Lee Dong Woon (Department of Applied Biology, Sangju National University) ;
  • Lyu Dong Pyeo (Division of Forest Insect Pests and Diseases, Korea Forest Research Institute) ;
  • Choo Ho Yul (Department of Applied Biology and Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Kim Hyeong Hwan (Horticultural Environment Division, National Horticultural Research Institute) ;
  • Kweon Tae Woong (Dongrae Benest Golf Club) ;
  • Oh Byung Seog (Anyang Benest Golf Club)
  • 이동운 (상주대학교 생물응용학과) ;
  • 류동표 (국립산림과학원 산림병해충과) ;
  • 추호렬 (경상대학교 응용생물환경학과, 국가핵심연구센터, 농업생명과학연구원) ;
  • 김형환 (원예연구소 원예환경과) ;
  • 권태웅 (동래베네스트골프장) ;
  • 오병석 (안양베네스트골프장)
  • Published : 2005.03.01

Abstract

Feeding behavior of foraging ants including visiting numbers, species, and preference on insect cadavers killed by entomopathogenic nematodes <(Heterorhabditis sp. KCTC 0991BP (He) and Steinernema carpocapsae KCTC 0981BP (Sc)> and their symbiotic bacteria was investigated in Dongrae Benest Golf Club, Anyang Benest Golf Club, Gapyung Benest Golf Club and Ulsan Golf Club. The number of ants, kinds and numbers of cadavers taken away by ants were different depending on killing method, golf club and site within the golf courses (fairway and rough). The feeding preference of ants was the lowest on cadavers killed by He. At Dongrae Benest Golf Club Lasius japonicu ($75{\pm}5\%$) and Monomorium floricola ($10\%$) took away cadavers only at the rough. The visiting rate of ants was $85{\pm}6\%$ at the rough, but none at the fairway by 16 hours. The taken rate of cadavers by ants was the lowest on He-killed cadavers representing $16.7\%$ compared with $40.0\%$ on Sc-killed cadavers, $53.3\%$ on fenitrithion-killed cadavers, and $56.7\%$ on natural dead cadavers by 12 hours. At the rough of hole 6 in Anyang Benest Golf Club, Tetramorium tsushimae ($33{\pm}12\%$), Pheidole fervida ($17{\pm}15\%$), Camponatus japonicus ($10\%$), Formica japonica ($7{\pm}6\%$), Paratrechina flavipes ($3{\pm}6\%$), and Crematogaster matsumurai ($3{\pm}6\%$) took away cadavers, but $23{\pm}15\%$ of cadavers were not visited by ants. Ants took away $40\%$ of Sc-killed cadavers, $16.7\%$ of frozen-killed cadavers, and $3.4\%$ of He-killed cadavers. The number of visiting ants was low at the hole 9 of Cherry course in Gapyung Benest Golf Club and only Tetramorium tsuhimae and Paratrechina flavipes were found from one site. The density of entomopathogenic nematodes did not influence ant visiting on cadavers, but burying affected ant visiting. Although ants took away unburied cadavers, buried cadavers were taken away at the hole 6 of Dongrae Benest Golf Club by 16 hours. Ant visiting had the same tendency on symbiotic bacterium-treated biscuit as nematode-killed cadavers. The visiting was less on biscuit inoculated by Photorhabdus sp., a symbiotic bacterium of He than on biscuit inoculated by Xenorhabdus nematophila, a symbiotic bacterium of Sc.

곤충병원성선충 {Heterorhabditis sp. KCTC 0991BP (He)와 Steinernema carpocapsae KCTC 0981BP (Sc)}에 의한 치사충과 선충의 공생세균(He공생세균=Photorhabditis sp.와 Sc공생세균= Xenorhabdus nematophila)에 의한 치사충에 대한 개미의 섭식행동을 알아보기 위하여 동래베네스트골프장과 안양베네스트골프장, 가평베네스트골프장, 울산골프장에서 치사 원인에 따른 개미의 방문수, 종류 및 선호성을 조사하였다. 방문하는 개미의 수나 종류 및 개미가 물고 간 먹이의 수는 치사원인에 따라 차이가 있었으며, 골프장이나 골프장내의 장소(페어웨이와 러프)간에도 차이가 있었다. 개미의 선호성은 모든 골프장에서 He에 의한 치사충에서 가장 낮았다. 동래베네스트 골프장의 6번 홀에서는 러프에서만 고동털개미(Lasius japonicu)($76{\pm}2.9\%$)와 검정꼬마개미(Monomorium floricola)($10\%$)가 치사충을 끌고 갔다. 러프의 치사충에 개미의 방문이 있었던 비율은 $87{\pm}3.5\%$였지만 페어웨이에서는 처리 16시간 후까지 모든 치사충에 개미의 방문이 없었다. 12시간 후까지 개미가 끌고 간 치사충의 비율은 He에 의한 치사충이 $16.7\%$로 Sc에 의한 치사충의 $40.0\%$, fenitrothion에 의한 치사충의 $53.3\%$, 자연치사충의 $56.7\%$에 비하여 낮았다. 안양베네스트골프장 6번 홀 러프에서는 주름개미(Tetramorium tsushimae)($33{\pm}6.9\%$)와 극동혹개미(Pheidole fervida)($17{\pm}8.7\%$), 일본왕개미(Camponotus japonicus)($10\%$), 곰개미(Formica japonica)($7{\pm}3.5\%$), 스미스개미(Paratrechina flavipes)($3{\pm}3.5\%$), 마쓰무라밑들이개미(Crematogaster matsumurai)($3{\pm}3.5\%$)가 치사충을 방문하였다. 개미가 치사충을 끌고 감이 없었던 비율은 $23{\pm}8.7\%$였고, Sc에 의한 치사충을 끌고 간 비율은 $40.0\%$, 냉동 치사충을 끌고 간 비율은 $16.7\%$, He에 의한 치사충을 끌고 간 비율은 $3.4\%$였다. 가평베네스트골프장 벚꽃나무 코스 9번 홀의 러프에서는 치사충을 방문하는 개미의 수가 매우 낮았는데, 주름개미와 스미스개미가 각각 한곳에서 발견되었다. 곤충병원성 선충의 접종 농도는 개미가 끌고 간 치사충의 비율에서 차이를 보이지 않았다. 한편, 치사충의 매장 유무는 개미의 섭식활동에 영향을 미쳤다. 동래베네스트골프장 6번 홀의 러프에서 토양 속에 묻은 치사충에서는 처리 16시간 동안 개미의 방문이 없었던 반면, 묻지 않은 치사충은 끌고 갔다. He와 Sc의 공생세균을 처리한 비스켓에 대한 개미의 방문은 선충의 치사충에 대한 방문과 동일한 경향을 보여, He의 공생세균인 Photorhabditis sp.처리에서 Sc 공생세균인 Xenorhabdus 처리보다 방문수가 적었다.

Keywords

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