Wind and Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Extreme wind prediction and zoning

  • Holmes, J.D. (JDH Consulting) ;
  • Kasperski, M. (Ruhr-Universitat Bochum) ;
  • Miller, C.A. (Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory, University of Western Ontario) ;
  • Zuranski, J.A. (Instytut Techniki Budowlanej) ;
  • Choi, E.C.C. (School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University)
  • Received : 2003.10.01
  • Accepted : 2005.04.20
  • Published : 2005.08.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The paper describes the work of the IAWE Working Group WGF - Extreme Wind Prediction and Zoning, one of the international codification working groups set up in 2000. The topics covered are: the international database of extreme winds, quality assurance and data quality, averaging times, return periods, probability distributions and fitting methods, mixed wind climates, directionality effects, the influence of orography, rare events and simulation methods, long-term climate change, and zoning and mapping. Recommendations are given to promote the future alignment of international codes and standards for wind loading.

Keywords

References

  1. American Society of Civil Engineers (2002), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. ASCEStandard SEI/ASCE 7-02, A.S.C.E., Reston, Virginia.
  2. Batts, M.E., Cordes, M.R., Russell, L.R., Shaver J.R. and Simiu, E. (1980), "Hurricane wind speeds in theUnited States", Rep No. BSS-124, Nat. Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, WashingtonD.C.
  3. British Standards Institution (1997), Loading for Buildings. Part 2. Code of Practice for Wind Loads. BS6399:Part 2: 1997. B.S.I. London.
  4. Choi, E.C.C. and Tanurdjaja, A. (2002), "Extreme wind studies in Singapore. An area with mixed weathersystem", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 90, 1611-1630. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(02)00274-X
  5. Cook, N.J. (1982), "Towards better estimation of extreme winds", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 9, 295-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(82)90021-6
  6. Cook, N.J. (1983), "Note on directional and seasonal assessment of extreme winds for design", J. Wind Eng. Ind.Aerodyn., 12, 365-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(83)90057-0
  7. Cook, N.J. (1985), The Designer's Guide to Wind Loading of Building Structures, Butterworths.
  8. Cook, N.J., Harris, R.I. and Whiting, R. (2003). "Extreme wind speeds in mixed climates revisited", J. WindEng. Ind. Aerodyn., 91, 403-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(02)00397-5
  9. Davenport, A.G. (1968), "The dependence of wind loads on meteorological parameters", Proceedings of theInternational Research Seminar on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures, Ottawa, 11-15 September 1967,University of Toronto Press.
  10. Davenport, A.G., Georgiou, P.N. and Surry, D. (1985), "Hurricane wind risk study for the Eastern Caribbean,Jamaica and Belize, with special consideration of the effects of topography", Report BLWT-SS31-1985.University of Western Ontario.
  11. Dorman, C.M.L. (1983), "Extreme wind gust speeds in Australia, excluding tropical cyclones", Civ. Eng. Trans.I. E. Aust., 25, 96-106.
  12. Drayton, M.A. (2000), "A stochastic basin-wide model of Atlantic hurricanes", Proc. 24th Conf. on Hurricanesand Tropical Meteorology, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA, 553-554.
  13. European Committee for Standardization (1994), Eurocode 1: Basis of Design and Actions on Structures. Part 2-4: Wind actions. ENV-1991-2-4, C.E.N., Brussels.
  14. Fisher, R.A. and Tippett, L.H.C. (1928), "Limiting forms of the frequency distribution of the largest or smallestmember of a sample", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc.: Part 2, 112, 125-159.
  15. Georgiou, P.N (1985), "Design wind speeds in tropical cyclone-prone regions", Ph.D. Thesis, University ofWestern Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
  16. Gomes, L. and Vickery, B.J. (1977), "Extreme wind speeds in mixed wind climates", J. Ind. Aerodyn., 2, 331-344.
  17. Gringorten, I.I. (1963), "A plotting rule for extreme probability paper", J. Geophys. Res., 68, 813-814. https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ068i003p00813
  18. Gumbel, E.J. (1958). Statistics of Extremes. Columbia University Press, New York.
  19. Harris, R.I. (1996), "Gumbel re-visited − a new look at extreme value statistics applied to wind speeds", J. WindEng. Ind. Aerodyn., 59, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(95)00029-1
  20. Holland, G.J. (1980), "An analytic model of the wind and pressure profile in hurricanes", Monthly Weather Rev.,108, 1212-1218. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1212:AAMOTW>2.0.CO;2
  21. Holmes, J.D. (2001), Wind Loading of Structures, Spon Press, London.
  22. Holmes, J.D. (2003), "Discussion of 'Generalized extreme gust wind speeds distributions' by E. Cheng and C.Yeung", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 91, 956-957
  23. Holmes, J.D. and Moriarty, W.W. (1999), "Application of the generalized Pareto distribution to extreme value analysis in wind engineering", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 83, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(99)00056-2
  24. Holmes, J.D. and Weller, R. (2002). Design Wind Speeds for the Asia-Pacific Region, Handbook HB-212,Standards Australia.
  25. Holmes, J.D., Melbourne, W.H. and Walker, G.R. (1990), A Commentary on the Australian Standard on WindLoads, Australian Wind Engineering Society.
  26. Hosking, J.R.M., Wallis, J.R. and Wood, E.F. (1985), "Estimation of the generalized extreme value distributionby the method of probability-weighted moments", Technometrics, 27, 251-261. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1985.10488049
  27. Jarvinen, B.R., Neumann, C.J. and Davis, M.A.S. (1984), "A tropical cyclone data tape for the North AtlanticBasin, 1886-1983: contents, limitations and uses", NOAA Tech. Memo. NWS-NHC-22, U.S. Department ofCommerce, Washington, D.C.
  28. Kasperski, M. (1998), "Climate change and design wind load concepts", Wind and Struct., An Int. J., 1, 145-160. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.1998.1.2.145
  29. Kasperski, M. (2002), "A new wind zone map for Germany", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 90, 1271-1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(02)00257-X
  30. Lieblein, J. (1974), "Efficient methods of extreme-value methodology", Report NBSIR 74-602, National Bureauof Standards, Washington.
  31. Miller, C.A. (2002), "A design wind speed map for Europe derived from mean sea level pressuremeasurements", AGD 2002 Symposium, London, Ontario, Canada, June 20-22.
  32. National Research Council Canada (1995), National Building Code of Canada. N.R.C., Ottawa.
  33. Peterka, J.A. and Shahid, S. (1998), "Design gust wind speeds in the United States", J. Struct. Eng., ASCE, 124,207-214. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1998)124:2(207)
  34. Russell, L.R. (1968), "Probability distributions for Texas Gulf Coast hurricane effects of engineering interest",Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University, California, USA.
  35. Russell, L.R. (1971), "Probability distributions for hurricane effects", J. Water. Harb. Coast. Eng. Div. ASCE, 97,139-154.
  36. Sachs, P. (1972), Wind Forces in Engineering. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
  37. Shellard, H.C. (1963), "The estimation of design wind speeds", International Conference on Wind Effects onBuildings and Structures, Teddington, U.K. 26-28 June.
  38. Shellard, H.C. (1972), "Extreme wind speeds in the Commonwealth Caribbean", J. Barbados Assoc. Prof. Eng.
  39. Simiu, E. and Heckert, N.A. (1999), "Extreme wind distribution tails - a peaks over threshold approach", J.Struct. Eng., ASCE, 122, 539-547.
  40. Simiu, E. and Scanlan, R.H. (1996), Wind Effects on Structures. Fundamentals and Applications to Design, 3rded.., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
  41. Simiu, E., Bietry, J. and Filliben, J.J. (1978), "Sampling errors in estimation of extreme winds", J. Struct. Div.,ASCE, 104, 491-501.
  42. Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand (2002), Structural design actions. Part 2: Wind actions, Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 1170.2:2002, Standards Australia, Sydney.
  43. Vickery, P.J. and Twisdale, L.A. (1995), "Prediction of hurricane wind speeds in the United States", J. Struct.Eng., ASCE, 121, 1691-1699. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1995)121:11(1691)
  44. Vickery, P.J., Skerlj, P.F. and Twisdale, L.A. (2000), "Simulation of the hurricane risk in the U.S. using empiricaltrack model", J. Struct. Eng, ASCE, 126, 1222-1237. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2000)126:10(1222)
  45. Wieringa, J. (1996), "Representavity of extreme wind data", in Hydrology of Disasters, ed, V.P. Singh. KluwerPress.
  46. Zuranski, J.A. (1992), "Orographic effects on strong winds in Poland", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 41-44, 417-426.

Cited by

  1. Wind pressure coefficients on low-rise structures and codification vol.8, pp.4, 2005, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2005.8.4.283
  2. Reliability and code level vol.8, pp.4, 2005, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2005.8.4.295
  3. On the member reliability of wind force-resisting steel frames designed by EN and ASCE rules of load combinations vol.12, pp.5, 2005, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2009.12.5.425
  4. Comparisons of Aerodynamic Data with the Main Wind Force-Resisting System Provisions of ASCE 7-16. I: Low-Rise Buildings vol.147, pp.3, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002925