Journal of Nutrition and Health

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
권호 표지

The Impact of Kinds of Dietary Grain and Dietary Lipid Level on the Glucose Metabolism and Antithrombogenic Capacity of Full Grown Obesity Induced Rats

식이 내 곡류 종류와 지방수준이 성장기 이후 비만유도 흰쥐의 당대사와 항혈전능에 미치는 영향

  • Ok, Hyang-Mok (Department of Food and Nutrition, Ewha Woman's University) ;
  • Sohn, Jung-Sook (Department of Food and Nutrition, Ewha Woman's University) ;
  • Kim, Mi-Kyung (Department of Food and Nutrition, Ewha Woman's University)
  • 옥향목 (이화여자대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 손정숙 (이화여자대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 김미경 (이화여자대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Published : 2005.10.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was designed to evaluate impact of kinds of dietary grain and dietary lipid level on the glucose metabolism and antithrombogenic capacity in obesity induced rats. Total of 80 Sprague-Dawley male rats were raised for one month with control diet containing $50\%$ (w/w) well-milled rice powder and $20\%$(w/w) of dietary lipids. The rats were blocked into 8 groups and raised for two months with diets containing well-milled rice, brown rice, black rice, or glutinous barley powder and 8 or $20\%$(w/w) of dietary lipids. The contents of total dietary fiber in experimental grains were in following order; glutinous barley > black rice > brown rice > well-milled rice. Weekly food intake were lower in glutinous barley group among all experimental groups. Body weight gain was high in high level of fat groups ($50\%$w/w) than medium level of fat groups ($8\%$ w/w). Plasma glucose concentration was not different significantly in each groups. But brown rice group was a little lower than others. Plasma insulin concentration was lower in black rice and glutinous barley group than rice group. Plasma glucagon concentration did not differ significantly among all experimental groups. Hexokinase activities in skeletal muscle are different significantly according to level of dietary fat and grain variety factors. Brown rice group was significantly highest among all experimental groups in hexokinase activity. Plasma $TXB_2$ concentrations in black rice and glutinous barley groups were lower as compared to rice and brown rice groups. Plasma 6-keto-$PGF_{1\alpha}$ concentrations in glutinous barley group was higher as compared to others. In conclusion brown rice has a little lowering effect glucose concentration. Black rice and glutinous barley intakes enhance antithromboenic capacity. It is suggested that the intakes of mixed gains are recommend.

Keywords

References

  1. Jung KA, Chang YK. Effect of cereals on lipid concentration of liver and serum in the rats. Kor J Nutr 28(1) : 5-14, 1995
  2. Lee HS. Dietary fiber intake of Korean. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 26 (2) : 540-548, 1997
  3. Korean food research (2). Food science and technology, 1977
  4. Korean food research (1). Food science and technology, 1971
  5. Analysis of dietary fiber and biofunctional effect. The Korean society of crop science, pp.23-30, 2004
  6. 2001 Food Balance Sheet. Korea Rural Economic Institute, 2002
  7. The latest food manufacturing study.Yurimmunwha Press, 1999
  8. The agricultural manufacturing study. Youngjimunwha Press,1990
  9. Saunders RM. The properties of rice bran as a foodstuff 35: 632-636, 1990
  10. Oh GS, Kim K, Na HS, Choi GC. Comparison of physicochemical properties on waxy black rice and glutinous rice. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 31 (1): 12-16,2002
  11. Chung YA, Lee JK. Antioxidative properties of phenolic compounds extracted from black rice. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 32(6): 948-951,2003
  12. Newman RK, Newman CW. Barley as a food grain. Cereal Foods World 36: 800-805, 1991
  13. Newman RK, Newman CW, Graham H. Hypocholesterolemic function of barley $\beta$-glucans. Cereal Foods World 34: 883-886, 1989
  14. Newman RK, Newman CW, Boik RJ, Ramage RI. Hypocholesterolemic effect of barley foods on healthy men. Nutr Rep Int 39: 749-760, 1998
  15. Aman P,Graham H. Analysis of total and insolublemixed linked $(1{\rightarrow}3),\; (1{\rightarrow}4)-{\beta}$-glucanin barleyand oats. J Agric Food Chem 35: 704-709, 1987 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00077a016
  16. Food balance sheet (1996), Korea rural economic institute, 1998
  17. Jung DH. The $\beta$-glucan and quality of barley, A prompt report of research guidance- Rural development administration, pp.3, 1984
  18. Lee SC, Prosky LD, Evries JW. Determination of total soluble and insoluble dietary fiber in food-enzymatic gravimatic method. MES-TRIS buffer: Collaborative study. J Assoc Anal Chem 75: 395-416, 1992
  19. Roberto Raabo E, Terkildsen TC. On the enzymatic determination of blood glucose. Scandinav J Lab Invest 12: 402-207, 1960 https://doi.org/10.3109/00365516009065404
  20. Hassid WZ, Abraham X. Chemical procedures for analysis of polysaccharides.Methods in Enzymology 3. Academic press pp. 34-50, 1957
  21. Kawashita NH, Brito MN, Brito SR, Moura MA, Festuccia WT, Garofalo MA, Machado UF, Kettelhut IC, Migliorini RH. Glucose uptake, glucose transporter GLUT4, and glycolyticenzymes in brown adipose tissue from rats adapted to a high-protein diet. Metabolism 51 (11): 1501-1505, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1053/meta.2002.35582
  22. Granfeldt Y, Liljeberg H, Drews A, Newman R, Bjorck I. Glucose and insulin responses to barley products: influence of food structure and amylose-amylopectin ratio. Am J Clin Nutr 59: 1075-1082, 1994
  23. Nishina PM, Schneeman BO, Freedland RA: Effects of dietary fibers on nonfasting plasma lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels in rats. J Nutr 121(4): 431437, 1991
  24. Deshaies Y, Begin F, Savoie L, Vachon C. Attenuation of the meal-induced increase in plasma lipids and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase by guar gum in rats. J Nutr 120(1) : 64-70, 1990
  25. Newman RK, Newman CW,Graham H. The hypocholesterolemic function of barley $\beta$ -glucans, Cereal Foods World 34: 883-886, 1989
  26. Schneeman BO. Soluble vs insoluble fiber-different physiological responses. Food Technol 41(2): 81-82, 1987
  27. Li J, Kaneko T, Qin LQ, Wang J, Wanng Y, Sato A. Long-term effects of high dietary fiber intake on glucose tolerance and lipid metabolism in GK rats: comparison among barley, rice, and cornstarch.Metabolism 52(9): 1206-1210, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-0495(03)00159-8
  28. Behall KM, Scholfield DJ, Hallfrisch J. Diets containing barley significantly reduce lipids in mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women.Am J Clin Nutr 80: 1185-1193,2004
  29. Judith H, Kay MB. Mechanism of the effects of grains on insulin and glucose responses. J Am Col of Nutr 19(3): 320s-325s, 2000
  30. Present knowledge in nutrition 8th Ed. Chungangmunwha Press, 2003
  31. Wolever TMS, Jenkins DJA. Effect of fiber and foods on carbohydrate metabolism. In: Spiller GA, ed., Dietary fiber in human nutrition, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp.111-152, 1993
  32. Schneemen BO. Soluble vs insolublefiber different physiological responses. Food Technol 41 (2): 81, 1987
  33. Schweizer TH, Wursch P. The phygiological and nutritional importance of dietary fiber. Experimentia 47: 181-186,1987
  34. Pari L, Saravanan R. Antidiabetic effect of diasulin, a herbal drug, on blood glucose, plasma insulin and hepatic enzymes of glucose metabolism in hyperglycaemic rats. Diabetes. Obesity and Metabolism 6: 286-292, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-8902.2004.0349.x
  35. Ugochukwn NH, Babady NE. Antihyperglycemic effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Gongronema latifolium leaves on glucose andglycogen metabolism in livers of normal and streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. Life Sciences 73: 1925-1938, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(03)00543-5
  36. Pari LM, Satheesh A. Antidiabetic activity of Boerhaavia diffusa L: effect on hepatic key enzymes in experimental diabetes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 91: 109-113, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.12.013
  37. Jenkins DJA, Leeds AR, Gassull MA, Wolever TMS, Goff DV, Albeit KGMM, Hockaday TDR. Unabsorbable carbohydrates and diabetes: Decresed post-prandial hyperglycemia. Lancet 2: 172-174, 1976
  38. Hagiwara H, Seki T, Ariga T. The effect of pre-germinated brown rice intake on blood glucose and PAl-a levels in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 68 (2): 444-447, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.68.444
  39. Lee SH, Park HJ, Cho SY, Jung IK, Cho YS, Kim TY, Hwang HG, Lee YS. Supplementary effect of the high dietary fiber rice on blood glucose in diabetic KK mice. Korean J Nutr 37 (2) : 75-80, 2004
  40. Urooj A, Vinutha SR, Puttaraj S, Leelavathy K, Rao PH. The effect of barley incorporation in bread on its quality and glycemic responses in diabetics. Int J Food Sci Nutr 4: 265-270, 1998
  41. Nelson DL, Cos MM. Leninger Principles of Biochemistry 3rd ed, 2001
  42. Li J, Kaneko T, Qin LQ, Wang J, Wang Y. Effects of barley intake on glucose tolerance, lipid metabolism, and bowel function in women. Nutrition 19(11-12): 926-929, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(03)00182-5
  43. Yook GJ, Lee HJ, Kim MK. Effect of chestnut and acorn on lipid metabolism, antioxidative capacity and antithrombotic capacity in rats. Korean J Nutr 35 (2): 171-182, 2002
  44. Njiveldt RJ, Nood E, Hoorn DEC, Boelens PG, Norren K, Leeuwen PAM. Flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. Am J Clin Nut 74: 418-425,2001
  45. Petroni A, Blasevich M, Salami M, Papini N, Montedoro GF, Galli C. Inhibition on platelet aggregation and eicosanoid production by phenolic components of olive oil. Thrombosis Res 78 (2): 151-160, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1016/0049-3848(95)00043-7
  46. Ling WH, Cheng QX, Ma J, Wang T. Red and black rice decrease atherosclerotic plaque formation and increase antioxidant status in rabbits. J Nutr 131: 1421-1426,2001
  47. Kondo K, Kurihara M, Miyata N, Suzuki T, Toyoda, M. Mechanistic studies of cateehins as antioxidants against radical oxidation. Arch Biochem.Biophys 363: 79-86, 1999
  48. Rice-Evans C. Flavonoid antioxidants. Curr Med Chem 8: 797-807, 2001
  49. Hu C, Kitts DD, Zawistowski J. Anthocyanins: bioactivity and potential uses in functional foods. In International Conference and Exhibition on Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, December, Portland, OR., 2001
  50. Cheon BS, Kim YH, Son KS, Chang HW, Kang SS, Kim HP. Effects of prenylated flavonoids and bioflavonoids on lipopolysaccaride- induced nitric oxide production from the mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Plant Med 66: 596-600, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-8621
  51. Kim HK, Cheon BS, Kim YH, Kim SY, Kim HP. Effects of naturally occurring flavonoids on nitric oxide production in the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 and their structure-activity relationships. Biochem Phaemacol 58: 759-765, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00160-4
  52. Liao DF, Jin ZG, Baas AS, Daum G, Gygi SP, Aebersold R, Berk BB. Purification and identification of secreted oxidative stress induced factors from vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 275: 189-196, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.275.1.189
  53. Xia M, Ling WH, Ma J, Kitts DD, Zawistowski J. Supplementation of diets with the black rice pigment fraction attenuates atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. J Nutr 133: 744-751, 2003
  54. Bravo L. Polyphenols: Chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional Significance. Nutrition Reviews 56(11): 317-333 1998 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01670.x
  55. Hertog MGL, Feskens EJM, Hollman PCH, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet 342: 1007-1011, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)92876-U
  56. Herog MGL, Sweetnam PM, Fehily AM, Elwood PC, Kromhout D. Antioxidant fla-vonols and ischemic heart disease in a Welsh population of men: the Caerphilly Study. Am J Clin Nutr 65: 1489-1494, 1997
  57. Hertog MG, Kromhout D, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Buzina R, Fidanza F, Giampaoli S, Jansen A, Menotti A, Nedeljkovic S. Flavonoid intake and long-term risk of coronary heart disease and cancer in the seven countries study. Arch Intern Med 155: 381-386, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.155.4.381