Pathogenesis, Dianosis, and Prophylactic Vaccine Development for Foot-and-Mouth Disease

구제역의 병리기전 및 진단, 예방백신 개발

  • Moon, Sun-Hwa (Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University) ;
  • Yang, Joo-Sung (Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University)
  • 문선화 (성균관대학교 유전공학과) ;
  • 양주성 (성균관대학교 유전공학과)
  • Published : 2005.12.31

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of mammals and has a great potential for causing severe economic loss in susceptible cloven-hoofed animals, such as cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and buffalo. FMDV, a member of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family, is a non-enveloped icosahedral virus that contains a positive sense RNA of about 8.2 kb in size. The genome carries one open reading frame consisting of 3 regions: capsid protein coding region P1, replication related protein coding region P2, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase coding region P3. FMDV infects pharynx epithelial cell in the respiratory tract and viral replication is active in lung epithelial cell. Morbidity is extremely high. A FMD outbreak in Korea in 2002 caused severe economic loss. Although intense research is undergoing to develop appropriate drugs to treat FMDV infection, there is no specific therapeutic for controlling FMDV infection. Moreover, there is an increasing demand for the development of vaccine strategies against FMDV infection in many countries. In this report, more effective prevention strategies against FMDV infection were reviewed.

구제역(Foot-and-Mouth Disease: FMD)이란 소, 돼지, 양, 염소 등의 cloven-hoofed 동물에서 나타나는 바이러스성 질병으로 입, 코, 유두, 발굽 등에 수포가 형성되는 것이 특징이다. 일곱 가지 혈청형(O, A, C, Asia1, SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3)으로 분류되는 구제역바이러스(Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: FMDV)는 single stranded positive RNA virus로 nonenveloped capsid virus이다. Viral genome은 8.2 Kb로 하나의 ORF인 polyprotein으로 되어있으며, 크게 capsid protein coding region인 P1, replication related protein coding region인 P2, RNA dependent RNA polymerase coding region인 P3로 구성된다. FMDV는 respiratory tract의 pharynx epithelial cell에 감염되며, lung epithelial cell에서 replication을 한다. 구제역바이러스는 감염율은 높지만 낮은 치사율을 가진다. 2002년 한국에서 구제역이 발병하여 많은 경제적 손실을 입었다. FMDV의 감염을 조절할 수 있는 조절방법이 없는 실정이며, 현재 많은 나라에서는 구제역바이러스의 감염을 막을 수 있는 효과적인 방법을 연구하고 있다. 본 보고서에서는 FMD에 대한 보다 효과적인 예방법인 DNA vaccine, edible vaccine, peptide vaccine에 대해 고찰하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. Grubman, M. J. and Baxt, B. (2004) Foot-and-mouth disease. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17, 465-93 https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.17.2.465-493.2004
  2. Saiz, M., Nunez, J. I., Jimenez-Clavero, M. A., Baranowski, E. and Sobrino, F. (2002) Foot-and-mouth disease virus: biology and prospects for disease control. Microbes. Infect. 4, 1183-92 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1286-4579(02)01644-1
  3. Kitching, R. P. (1998) A recent history of foot-and-mouth disease. J. Compo. Pathol. 118, 89-108 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9975(98)80002-9
  4. Leforban, Y. (1999) Prevention measures against foot-and-mouth disease in Europe in recent years. Vaccine 17, 1755-1759 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(98)00445-9
  5. Fry, E. E., Stuart, D. I. and Rowlands, D. J. (2005) The structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 288, 71-101 https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27109-0_4
  6. McInerney, G. M., King, A. M., Ross-Smith, N. and Belsham, G. J. (2000) Replication-competent foot-and-mouth disease virus RNAs lacking capsid coding sequences. J. Gen. Virol. 81, 1699-1702
  7. Curry, S., Fry, E., Blakemore, W., Abu-Ghazaleh, R., Jackson, T., King, A., Lea, S., Newman, J. and Stuart, D. (1997) Dissecting the roles of VP0 cleavage and RNA packaging in picornavirus capsid stabilization: the structure of empty capsids of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol. 71, 9743-9752
  8. Shieh, J. J., Liang, C. M., Chen, C. Y., Lee, E, Jong, M. H., Lai, S. S. and Liang, S. M. (2001) Enhancement of the immunity to foot-and-mouth disease virus by DNA priming and protein boosting immunization. Vaccine 19, 4002-4010 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00114-1
  9. Logan, D., Abu-Ghazaleh, R., Blakemore, W., Curry, S., Jackson, T., King, A., Lea, S., Lewis, R., Newman, J., Party, N. and et al. (1993) Structure of a major immunogenic site on foot-and-mouth disease virus. Nature 362, 566-568 https://doi.org/10.1038/362566a0
  10. Wong, H. T., Cheng, S. C., Chan, E. W., Sheng, Z. T., Yan, W. Y., Zheng, Z. X. and Xie, Y. (2000) Plasmids encoding foot-and-mouth disease virus VPl epitopes elicited immune responses in mice and swine and protected swine against viral infection. Virology 278, 27-35 https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.2000.0607
  11. Beard, C., Ward, G, Rieder, E., Chinsangaram, J., Grubman, M. J. and Mason, P. W. (1999) Development of DNA vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease, evaluation of vaccines encoding replicating and non-replicating nucleic acids in swine. J. Biotechnol. 73, 243-249 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1656(99)00142-X
  12. Grubman, M. J., Morgan, D. O., Kendall J. and Baxt, B. (1985) Capsid intermediates assembled in a foot-and-mouth disease virus genome RNA-programmed cell-free translation system and in infected cells. J. Virol. 56, 120-6
  13. Donnelly, M. L., Hughes, L. E., Luke, G, Mendoza, H., ten Dam, E., Gani, D. and Ryan, M. D. (2001) The 'cleavage' activities of foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A site-directed mutants and naturally occurring '2A-like' sequences. J. Gen. Viral. 82, 1027-1041
  14. Donnelly, M. L., Gani, D., Flint, M., Monaghan, S. and Ryan, M. D. (1997) The cleavage activities of aphthovirus and cardiovirus 2A proteins. J. Gen. Viral. 78, 13-21
  15. Doedens, J. R. and Kirkegaard, K. (1995) Inhibition of cellular protein secretion by poliovirus proteins 2B and 3A. Embo. J. 14, 894-907
  16. Brown, C. C., Piccone, M. E., Mason, P. W., McKenna, T. S. and Grubman, M. J. (1996) Pathogenesis of wild-type and leaderless foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle. J. Viral. 70, 5638-5641
  17. Jackson, T., Ellard, F. M., Ghazaleh, R. A., Brookes, S. M., Blakemore, W. E., Corteyn, A. H., Stuart, D. I., Newman, J. W. and King, A. M. (1996) Efficient infection of cells in culture by type O foot-and-mouth disease virus requires binding to cell surface heparan sulfate. J. Viral. 70, 5282-5287
  18. Yilma, T. (1980) Morphogenesis of vesiculation in foot-and-mouth disease. Am. J. Vet. Res. 41, 1537-1542
  19. McCullough, K. C., De Simone, F., Brocchi, E., Capucci, L., Crowther, J. R. and Kihm, U. (1992) Protective immune response against foot-and-mouth disease. J. Viral. 66, 1835-1840
  20. Collen, T. and Doel, T. R. (1990) Heterotypic recognition of foot-and-mouth disease virus by cattle lymphocytes. J. Gen. Viral. 71, Pt 2, 309-315 https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-71-2-309
  21. Sobrino, F., Saiz, M., Jimenez-Clavero, M. A., Nunez, J. I., Rosas, M. F., Baranowski, E. and Ley, V. (2001) Foot-and-mouth disease virus: a long known virus, but a current threat. Vet. Res. 32, 1-30 https://doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2001106
  22. Sanz-Parra, A., Sobrino, F. and Ley, V. (1998) Infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus results in a rapid reduction of MHC class I surface expression. J. Gen. Viral. 79, Pt 3, 433-436
  23. Alexandersen, S., Zhang, Z., Donaldson, A. I. and Garland, A. J. (2003) The pathogenesis and diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease. J. Camp. Pathol. 129, 1-36 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9975(03)00041-0
  24. Clavijo, A., Wright, P. and Kitching, P. (2004) Developments in diagnostic techniques for differentiating infection from vaccination in foot-and-mouth disease. Vet. J. 167, 9-22 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-0233(03)00087-X
  25. Mackay, D. K., Bulut, A. N., Rendle, T., Davidson, F. and Ferris, N. P. (2001) A solid-phase competition ELISA for measuring antibody to foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Viral. Methods. 97, 33-48 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(01)00333-0
  26. Chenard, G., Miedema, K., Moonen, P., Schrijver, R. S. and Dekker, A. (2003) A solid-phase blocking ELISA for detection of type O foot-and-mouth disease virus antibodies suitable for mass serology. J. Viral. Methods. 107, 89-98 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(02)00196-9
  27. Reid, S. M., Forsyth, M. A., Hutchings, G. H. and Ferris, N. P. (1998) Comparison of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and virus isolation for the routine diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease. J. Viral. Methods. 70, 213-217 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(97)00181-X
  28. Chamberlain, J. S., Gibbs, R. A., Ranier, J. E., Nguyen, P. N. and Caskey, C. T. (1988) Deletion screening of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus via multiplex DNA amplification. Nucleic. Acids. Res. 16, 11141-11156 https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/16.23.11141
  29. Doel, T. R. (1996) Natural and vaccine-induced immunity to foot and mouth disease: the prospects for improved vaccines. Rev. Sci. Tech. 15, 883-911
  30. Nair, S. P. and Sen, A. K. (1992) A study on the immune response of sheep to foot and mouth disease virus vaccine type 'O' prepared with different inactivants and adjuvants. Acta. Virol. 36, 473-478
  31. Ishimaru, D., Sa-Carvalho, D. and Silva, J. L. (2004) Pressure-inactivated FMDV: a potential vaccine. Vaccine 22, 2334-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.10.034
  32. Ward, G, Rieder, E. and Mason, P. W. (1997) Plasmid DNA encoding replicating foot-and-mouth disease virus genomes induces antiviral immune responses in swine. J. Virol. 71, 7442-7447
  33. Sanz-Parra, A., Vazquez, B., Sobrino, F., Cox, S. J., Ley, V. and Salt, J. S. (1999) Evidence of partial protection against foot-and-mouth disease in cattle immunized with a recombinant adenovirus vector expressing the precursor polypeptide (P1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins. J. Gen. Virol. 80, Pt 3, 671-679
  34. Aggarwal, N. and Barnett, P. V. (2002) Antigenic sites of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV): an analysis of the specificities of anti-FMDV antibodies after vaccination of naturally susceptible host species. J. Gen. Virol. 83, 775-782
  35. Li, Y., Aggarwal, N., Takamatsu, H. H., Sterling, C. M., Voyce, C. and Barnett, P. V. (2005) Enhancing immune responses against a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding a FMDV empty capsid from serotype O. Vaccine
  36. Chinsangaram, J., Beard, C., Mason, P. W., Zellner, M. K., Ward, G. and Grubman, M. J. (1998) Antibody response in mice inoculated with DNA expressing foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins. J. Virol. 72, 4454-4457
  37. Cedillo-Barron, L., Foster-Cuevas, M., Belsham, G. J., Lefevre, F. and Parkhouse, R. M. (2001) Induction of a protective response in swine vaccinated with DNA encoding foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsid proteins and the 3D RNA polymerase. J. Gen. Virol. 82, 1713-24
  38. Zheng, L. Y., Moll, L., Lin, S., Lu, R M. and Luo, E. J. (2005) Enhancing DNA vaccine potency against hantavirus by co-administration of interleukin-12 expression vector as a genetic adjuvant. Chin. Med. J. (Engl). 118, 313-319
  39. Stratford, R, Douce, G., Bowe, F. and Dougan, G. (2001) A vaccination strategy incorporating DNA priming and mucosal boosting using tetanus toxin fragment C (TetC). Vaccine 20, 516-525 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00325-5
  40. Chan, E. W., Wong, H. T., Cheng, S. C., Yan, W. Y., Zheng, Z. X, Sheng, Z. T., Zhu, L. Q. and Xie, Y. (2000) An immunoglobulin G based chimeric protein induced foot-and-mouth disease specific immune response in swine. Vaccine 19, 538-546 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(00)00186-9
  41. Chattergoon, M., Boyer, J. and Weiner, D. B. (1997) Genetic immunization: a new era in vaccines and immune therapeutics. Faseb. J. 11, 753-763
  42. Moraes, M. P., Mayr, G. A, Mason, P. W. and Grubman, M. J. (2002) Early protection against homologous challenge after a single dose of replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 expressing capsid proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strain A24. Vaccine 20, 1631-1639 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00483-2
  43. Carrillo, C., Wigdorovitz, A., Oliveros, J. C., Zamorano, P. I., Sadir, A. M., Gomez, N., Salinas, J., Escribano, J. M. and Borca, M. V. (1998) Protective immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus with VP1 expressed in transgenic plants. J. Virol. 72, 1688-1690
  44. Cedillo-Barron, L., Foster-Cuevas, M., Cook, A., Gutierrez-Castaneda, B., Kollnberger, S., Lefevre, F. and Parkhouse, R. M. (2003) Immunogenicity of plasmids encoding T and B cell epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in swine. Vaccine 21, 4261-4269 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00453-5
  45. Wigdorovitz, A., Carrillo, C., Dus Santos, M. J., Trono, K., Peralta, A., Gomez, M. C., Rios, R. D., Franzone, P. M., Sadir, A. M., Escribano, J. M. and Borca, M. V. (1999) Induction of a protective antibody response to foot and mouth disease virus in mice following oral or parenteral immunization with alfalfa transgenic plants expressing the viral structural protein VP1. Virology 255, 347-353 https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1998.9590
  46. Garcia-Briones, M. M., Blanco, E., Chiva, C., Andreu, D., Ley, V. and Sobrino, F. (2004) Immunogenicity and T cell recognition in swine of foot-and-mouth disease virus polymerase 3D. Virology 322, 264-275 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2004.01.027
  47. Rodriguez, L. L., Barrera, J., Kramer, E., Lubroth, J., Brown, F. and Golde, W. T. (2003) A synthetic peptide containing the consensus sequence of the G-H loop region of foot-and-mouth disease virus type-O VP1 and a promiscuous T-helper epitope induces peptide-specific antibodies but fails to protect cattle against viral challenge. Vaccine 21, 3751-3756 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00364-5
  48. M. J. Francis, G. Z. Hastings, F. Brown, J. Mcdermed, Y. A Lu. and J. P. Tam, (1991) Immunological evaluation of the multiple antigen peptide (Map) system using the major immunogenic site of foot-and-mouth-disease virus. Immunology 73, 249-254
  49. Murdin, A. D. (1986) Synthetic peptide vaccines against foot and mouth disease. Vaccine 4, 210-211 https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-410X(86)90130-1
  50. Wang, C. Y., Chang, T. Y., Walfield, A. M., Ye, J., Shen, M., Chen, S. P., Li, M. C., Lin, Y. L., Jong, M. H., Yang, P. C., Chyr, N., Kramer, E. and Brown, F. (2002) Effective synthetic peptide vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease in swine. Vaccine 20, 2603-2610 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00148-2
  51. Wang, C. Y., Chang, T. Y., Walfield, A. M., Ye, J., Shen, M., Zhang, M. L., Lubroth, J., Chen, S. P., Li, M. C., Lin, Y. L., Jong, M. H., Yang, P. C., Chyr, N., Kramer, E. and Brown, F. (2001) Synthetic peptide-based vaccine and diagnostic system for effective control of FMD. Biologicals 29, 221-228 https://doi.org/10.1006/biol.2001.0302
  52. Wang, C. Y. and Walfield, A. M. (2005) Site-specific peptide vaccines for immunotherapy and immunization against chronic diseases, cancer, infectious diseases, and for veterinary applications. Vaccine 23, 2049-2056 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.007
  53. Wiesmuller, K. H., Jung, G. and Hess, G. (1989) Novel low-molecular-weight synthetic vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease containing a potent B-cell and macrophage activator. Vaccine 7, 29-33 https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-410X(89)90007-8
  54. Beignon, A. S., Brown, F., Eftekhari, P., Kramer, E., Briand, J. P., Muller, S. and Partidos, C. D. (2005) A peptide vaccine administered transcutaneously together with cholera toxin elicits potent neutralising anti-FMDV antibody responses. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 104, 273-280 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.12.008
  55. Fischer, D., Rood, D., Barrette, R. W., Zuwallack, A., Kramer, E., Brown, F. and Silbart, L. K. (2003) Intranasal immunization of guinea pigs with an immunodominant foot-and-mouth disease virus peptide conjugate induces mucosal and humoral antibodies and protection against challenge. J. Virol. 77, 7486-7491 https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.77.13.7486-7491.2003
  56. Nargi, F., Kramer, E., Mezencio, J., Zamparo, J., Whetstone, C., Van Regenmortel, M. H., Briand, J. P., Muller, S. and Brown, F. (1999) Protection of swine from foot-and-mouth disease with one dose of an all-D retro peptide. Vaccine 17, 2888-2893 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00127-9
  57. Bittle, J. L., Houghten, R. A., Alexander, H., Shinnick, T. M., Sutcliffe, J. G., Lerner, R A, Rowlands, D. J. and Brown, E (1982) Protection against foot-and-mouth disease by immunization with a chemically synthesized peptide predicted from the viral nucleotide sequence. Nature 298, 30-33 https://doi.org/10.1038/298030a0
  58. Brown, F. (1992) New approaches to vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease. Vaccine 10, 1022-1026 https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-410X(92)90111-V
  59. Strohmaier, K., Franze, R. and Adam, K. H. (1982) Location and characterization of the antigenic portion of the FMDV immunizing protein. J. Gen. Virol. 59, 295-306 https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-59-2-295
  60. Verdaguer, N., Mateu, M. G, Andreu, D., Giralt, E., Domingo, E. and Fita, I. (1995) Structure of the major antigenic loop of foot-and-mouth disease virus complexed with a neutralizing antibody: direct involvement of the Arg-Gly-Asp motif in the interaction. Embo. J. 14, 1690-1696
  61. Meloen, R. H., Casal, J. I., Dalsgaard, K. and Langeveld, J. P. (1995) Synthetic peptide vaccines: success at last. Vaccine 13, 885-886 https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-410X(95)00031-U
  62. Glass, E. J., Oliver, R. A, Collen, T., Doel, T. R., Dimarchi, R. and Spooner, R. L. (1991) MHC class II restricted recognition of FMDV peptides by bovine T cells. Immunology 74, 594-599
  63. Taboga, O., Tami, C., Carrillo, E., Nunez, J. I., Rodriguez, A., Saiz, J. C., Blanco, E., Valero, M. L., Roig, X., Camarero, J. A., Andreu, D., Mateu, M. G., Giralt, E., Domingo, E., Sobrino, F. and Palma, E. L. (1997) A large-scale evaluation of peptide vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease: lack of solid protection in cattle and isolation of escape mutants. J. Virol. 71, 2606-2014
  64. Song, H., Wang, Z., Zheng, D., Fang, W., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Niu, Z. and Qiu, B. (2005) A Novel Mucosal Vaccine Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Induces Protection in Mice and Swine. Biotechnol. Lett. 27, 1669-1674 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-005-2727-4