References
- Abtew, W.S., K.P. Newman and T. Kosier. 1995. Canopy resistance studies of cattails. Trans. ASAE 38: 113-119
- Allen, R.G., M.E. Jensen, L. James and R.D. Burman. 1989. Operational estimates of reference evapotranspiration. Agron. J. 81: 650-652
- Allen, R.G., J.H. Prueger and R.W. Hill. 1992. Evapotranspiration from isolated stands of hydrophytes: Cattail and Bulrush. Trans. ASAE 35: 1191-1198
- Anderson, M.G. and S.B. Idso. 1987. Surface geometry and stomatal conductance effects on evaporation from aquatic macrophytes. Wat. Resour. Res. 23: 1037-1042
- Armstrong, J. and W. Armstrong. 1988. Phragmites australis-A preliminary study of soil-oxidizing sites and internal gas transport pathways. New Phytol. 108: 373-382
- Armstrong, J. and W. Armstrong 1990. Light-enhanced convective throughflow increases oxygenation in rhizomes and rhizosphere of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud. New Phytol. 114: 121-128
- Armstrong, J. and W. Armstrong. 1991. A convective through-flow of gases in Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Aquat. Bot. 39: 75-88
- Armstrong, J., W. Armstrong and P.M. Beckett. 1992. Phragmites australis: Venturi- and humidityinduced pressure flows enhance rhizome aeration and rhizosphere oxidation. New Phytol. 120: 197-207
- Armstrong, W. 1964. Oxygen diffusion from the roots of some British bog plants. Nature 204: 801-802
- Armstrong, W. 1967. The use of polarography in the assay of oxygen diffusing from roots in anaerobic media. Physiol. Plant. 20: 540-553
- Armstrong, W. 1971. Radial oxygen losses from intact rice roots as affected by distance from the apex, respiration and waterlogging. Physiol. Plant. 25: 192-197
- Armstrong, W. 1979. Aeration in higher plants. Adv. Bot. Res. 7: 225-232
- Armstrong, W., J. Armstrong et al. 1990. Measurement and modeling of oxygen release from roots of Phragmites australis. p. 41-52. In: Constructed wetlands in water pollution control (P.F. Cooper and B.C. Findlater, eds.). Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K
- Armstrong, W. and P.M. Beckett. 1987. Internal aeration and the development of stellar anoxia in submerged roots. A multishelled mathematical model combining axial diffusion of oxygen in the cortex with radial losses to the stele, the wall layers and the rhizosphere. New Phytol. 105: 221-245
- Armstrong, W. 1994. Polarographic oxygen electrodes and their use in plant aeration studies. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 102B: 511-527
- Armstrong, W., J. Armstrong and P.M. Beckett. 1996a. Pressurised ventilation in emergent macrophytes: the mechanism and mathematical modeling of humidity-induced convection. Aquat. Bot. 54: 121-135
- Armstrong, W., D. Cousins, J. Armstrong, D.W. Turner and P.M. Beckett. 2000. Oxygen distribution in wetland plant roots and permeability barr-444 Choi, Jung Hyun..Seok Soon Parkiers to gas-exchange with the rhizosphere: a microelectrode and modeling study with Phragmites australis. Ann. Bot. 86: 687-703
- Beckett, P.M., W. Armstrong, S.H.F.W. Justin and J. Armstrong. 1988. On the relative importance of convective and diffusive gas-flows in plant aeration. New Phytol. 110:463-468
- Begg, C.B.M., G.J.D. Kirk, A.F. Mackenzie and H.U. Neue. 1994. Root-induced iron oxidation and pH changes in the lowland rice rhizosphere. New Phytol. 128: 469-477
- Bendix, M., T. Tornbjerg and H. Brix. 1994. Internal gas transport in Typha latifolia L. and Typha angustifolia L. 1. humidity-induced pressurization and convective throughflow. Aquat. Bot. 49: 75-89
- Benton, A.R., Jr., W.P. James and J.W. Rouse, Jr.. 1978. Evapotranspiration from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) in Texas reservoir. Wat. Resour. Bull. 14: 919-930
- Brix, H. 1988. Light-dependent variations in the composition of the internal atmosphere of Phragnites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steudel, Aquat. Bot. 30: 319-329
- Brix, H. and H.H. Schierup. 1989. The use of aquatic macrophytes in water-pollution control. Ambio. 18: 100-107
- Brix, H. 1990. Gas exchange through the soil-atmosphere interphase and through dead culms of Phragmites australis in a constructed reed bed receiving domestic sewage. Wat. Res. 24: 259-266
- Brix, H. and H.H. Schierup. 1990. Soil oxygenation in constructed reed beds: the role of macrophyte and soil-atmosphere interface oxygen transport. p. 53-66. In: Constructed wetlands in water pollution control (P.F. Cooper and B.C., Findlater eds.) Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K
- Brix, H., B.K. Sorrell and P.T. Orr. 1992. Internal pressurization and convective gas flow in some emergent freshwater macrophytes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 37: 1420-1433
- Brix, H. 1993. Macrophyte-mediated oxygen transfer in wetlands: Transport mechanisms and rates, p. 391-398 In: Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement (G.A. Moshiri Ed.). Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, Lewis Publishers
- Brix, H., B.K. Sorrell and H.H. Schierup. 1996. Gas Fluxes achieved by in situ convective flow in Phragmites australis. Aquat. Bot. 54: 151-163
- Carpenter, S.R., J.J. Else and K.M. Olsen. 1983. Effects of roots on Myriophyllum verticillatum L. on sediment redox conditions. Aquat. Bot. 17: 243-249
- Chabbi, A., K.L. Mckee and I.A. Mendelssohn. 2000. Fate of oxygen losses from Typha domingensis (Typhaceae) and Cladium jamaicense (Cyperaceae) and consequences for root metabolism. Am. J. Bot. 87: 1081-1090
- Chanton, J.P. and J.W.H. Dacey. 1991. Effects of vegetation on methane flux, reservoirs, and carbon isotopic composition. p. 65-92. In: Trace Gas Emissions by Plants (T. Sharkey, E. Holland, and H. Mooney, eds). Academic Press, San Diego, CA
- Choi, J.H. 2004. The effect of plants on the dynamics of sulfur species and zinc in wetland sediments. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
- Colmer, T.D. 2003. Long-distance transport of gases in plants: a perspective on internal aeration and radial oxygen loss from roots. Plant Cell Env. 26: 17-36
- Connell, E.L., T.D. Colmer and D.I. Walker. 1999. Radial oxygen loss from intact roots of Halophila ovalis as a function of distance behind the root tip and shoot illumination. Aquat. Bot. 63: 219-228
- Dacey, J.W.H. 1980. Internal winds in the waterlilies: Adaptation for life in anaerobic sediments. Science 210: 1017-1019
- Dacey, J.W.H. 1981. Pressurized Ventilation in the Yellow Waterlily. Ecology 62(5): 1137-1147
- Dunbabin, J.S., J. Pokorny and K.H. Bowmer. 1988. Rhizosphere oxygenation by Typha domingensis Pers. in miniature artificial wetland filters used for metal removal from wastewaters. Aquat. Bot. 29: 303-317
- Dunbabin, J.S. and K.H. Bowmer. 1992. Potential use of constructed wetlands for treatment of industrial wastewaters containing metals. Sci. Tot. Environ. 111: 151-168
- El-Shatnawi, M.K.J., I.M. Makhadmeh. 2001. Ecophysiology of the plant-rhizosphere system. J Agron Crop Sci. 187: 1-9
- Fleming-Singer, M.S. and A.J. Horne. 2002. Enhanced nitrate removal efficiency in wetland microcosms using an episediment layer for denitrification. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36: 1231-1237
- Gilbert, B. and P. Frenzel. 1998. Rice roots and CH4 oxidation: the activity of bacteria, their distribution and the microenvironment. Soil Biol. Biochem. 30: 1903-1916
- Gries C., L. Kappen and R. L?ch. 1990. Mechanism of flood tolerance in reed, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel. New Phytol. 114: 589-593
- Grosse, W., H.B. B?hel and H. Tiebel. 1991. Pressurized ventilation in wetland plants. Aquat. Bot. 39: 89-98
- Gunderson, L.H. 1989. Accounting for discrepancies in pan evaporation calculations. Wat. Resour. Bull. 25: 573-579
- Hale, M.G. and L.D. Moore. 1979. Factors affecting root exudation II. 1970-79. Adv. Agron. 31: 93-124
- Hopkins, W.G. 1995. Introduction to plant physiology. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc
- Idso, S.B. 1981. Relative rates of evaporative water losses from open and vegetation covered water bodies. Wat. Resour. Bull. 17: 46-48
- Jackson, M.B. and W. Armstrong. 1999. Formation of aerenchyma and the processes of plant ventilation in relation to soil flooding and submergence. Plant Biol. 1: 274-287
- Jaff? P.R., S. Wang, P.L. Kallin and S.L. Smith. 2001. The Dynamics of Arsenic in Saturated Porous Media: Fate and Transport Modeling for Deep-Water Sediments, Wetland Sediments, and Groundwater Environments. In: Water Rock Interactions, Ore deposits, and Environmental Geochemistry: A Tribute to David Crerar (R. Hellman and S.A. Wood, eds.).The Geochemical Society, Special Publication No 7
- Justin, S.H.F.W. and W. Armstrong. 1987. The anatomical characteristics of roots and plant response to soil flooding. New Phytol. 106: 465-495
- Kallin, P.L. 1999. Modeling the fate and transport of trace metal contaminants in natural and constructed surface flow wetlands. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
- Kickuth, R. 1977. Degradation and incorporation of nutrients from rural waste waters by plant rhizosphere under limnetic conditions. pp. 335-343. In: Utilization of manure by land spreading. UER 5672e. Commission of the European Communities. London
- Kludze, H.K. and R.D. DeLaune. 1996. Soil redox intensity effects on oxygen exchange and growth of Cattail and Sawgrass. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 60: 616-621
- Koch, M.S. and P.S. Rawlik. 1993. Transpiration and Stomatal Conductance of two wetland macrophytes. Am. J. Bot. 80(10): 1146-1154
- Laan, P., M.J. Berrevoets, S. Lythe, W. Armstrong and C.W.P.M. Blom. 1989. Root morphology and aerenchyma formation as indicators of the floodtolerance of Rumex species. J. Ecol. 77: 693-703
- Martin, J., Hofherr E. and Quigley, M.F. 2003. Effect of Typha Latifolia transpiration and harvesting on nitrate concentrations in surface water of wetland microcosms. Wetlands 23(4): 835-844
- Martin, J.F. and K.R. Reddy. 1997. Interaction and spatial distribution of wetland nitrogen processes. Ecol. Model. 105: 1-21
- McDonald, M.P., N.W. Galwey and T.D. Colmer. 2002. Similarity and diversity in adventitious root anatomy as related to root aeration among a range of wet- and dry-land grass species. Plant Cell Env. 25: 441-451
- Medelssohn, I.A. and M.T. Postek. 1982. Elemental analysis of deposits on the roots of Spartina alterniflora Loisel. Am. J. Bot. 69: 904-912
- Mendelssohn, I.A., B.A. Keiss and J.S. Wakeley. 1995. Factors controlling the formation of oxidized root channels: a review. Wetlands 15: 37-46
- Mevi-Sch?z, J. and Grosse, W. 1988. A two-way gas transport system in Nelumbo nucifera. Plant Cell Environ. 11: 27-34
- Mitsch, W.J. and J.G. Gosselink. 1993. Wetlands. Van Nostrand Reinhohld, New York, NY, USA
- Park, S.S. and Jaff? P.R. 1996. Development of a sediment redox potential model for the assessment of postdepositional metal mobility. Ecol. Model. 91: 169-181
- Park, S.S. and Jaff? P.R. 1999. A numerical model to estimate sediment oxygen levels and demand. J. Environ. Qual. 28: 1219-1226
- Penfound, W.T. and T.T. Earle. 1948. The biology of the water hyacinth. Ecol. Mono. 18: 417-472
- Reddy, K.R., W.H. Patrick Jr. and C.W. Lindau. 1989. Nitrification-denitrification at the plant rootsediment interface in wetlands. Limnol. Oceanogr. 34(6): 1003-1013
- Scholander, P.F., L. van Dam and S.I. Scholander. 1955. Gas exchange in the roots of mangrove. Am. J. Bot. 42-92
- Smirnoff, N. and R.M.M. Crawford. 1983. Variation in the structure and response to flooding of root aerenchyma in some wetland plants. Ann. Bot. 51: 237-249
- Sorrell, B.K. and P.T. Orr. 1993. H± exchange and nutrient uptake by roots of the emergent hydrophytes, Cyperus involucratus Rottb., Eleocharis sphacelata R. Br. And Juncus ingens N.A. Wakef. New Phytol. 125: 85-92
- Sorrell, B.K. and P.I. Boon. 1994. Convective gas flow in Eleocharis sphacelata R. Br: methane transport and release from wetlands. Aquat. Bot. 47: 197-212
- Thomson, C.J., W. Armstrong, I. Waters and H. Greenway. 1990. Aerenchyma formation and associated oxygen movement in seminal and nodal roots of wheat. Plant Cell Env. 13: 395-403
- Trought, M.C.T. and M.C. Drew. 1980. The development of water-logging damage in young wheat plants in anaerobic solution cultures. J. Exp. Bot. 31: 1573-1585
- Visser, E.J.W., R.H.M. Nabben, C.W.P.M. Blom and .A.C.J. Voesenek. 1997. Elongation by primary lateral roots and adventitious roots during conditions of hypoxia and high ethylene concentrations. Plant Cell Env. 20: 647-653
- Visser, E.J.W., T.D. Colmer, C.W.P.M. Blom and L.A. C.J. Voesenek. 2000. Changes in growth, porosity, and radial oxygen loss from adventitious roots of selected mono- and dicotyledonous wetland species with contrasting types of aerenchyma. Plant Cell Env. 23: 1237-1245
- Wang, T. and J.H. Peverly. 1999. Iron oxidation States on root surfaces of a wetland plant (Phragmites australis). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 63: 247-252
- Weisner, S.E.B., P.G. Eriksson, W. Graneli and L. Leonardson. 1994. Influence of macrophytes on nitrate removal in wetlands. Ambio. 6: 363-367
- Winter, M. and R. Kickuth. 1989. Elimination of sul-phur compounds from wastewater by the root zone process-I. Performance of large-scale purification plant at a textile finishing industry. Wat. Res. 23(5): 535-546
- Winter, M. and R. Kickuth. 1989. Elimination of sulphur compounds from wastewater by the root zone process-II. Mode of formation of sulphur deposits. Wat. Res. 23(5): 547-560
- Xu, S. and P.R. Jaffe. Effect of Plants on the Removal of Hexavalent Chromium in Wetland Sediments. submitted
- Yavitt, J.B. and A.K. Knapp. 1998. Aspects of methane flow from sediment through emergent cattail (Typha latifolia) plants. New Phytol. 139: 495-503