Korean Journal of Environmental Biology (환경생물)

Korean Society of Environmental Biology (한국환경생물학회)
권호 표지

Effects of Postnatal Exposure to Octylphenol on the Transcriptions of Steroidogenic Enzymes in Mouse Testis

  • Kim, Suel-Kee (Laboratory of Toxicogenomics for Endocrine Disruptors and Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Life Science, Hanyang University) ;
  • Lee, Ho-Joon (Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine) ;
  • An, Su-Yeon (Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Chang Joo (Laboratory of Toxicogenomics for Endocrine Disruptors and Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Life Science, Hanyang University) ;
  • Yoon, Yong-Dal (Laboratory of Toxicogenomics for Endocrine Disruptors and Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Life Science, Hanyang University)
  • Published : 2004.12.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The effects of postnatal exposure to octylphenol(OP) on the expressions of the steroidogenic enzymes and testosterone production were evaluated. Postnatal male mice (15-day-old) were injected with 2 or 20mg $kg^{-l}$ body weight (BW) of OP for 5 days and sacrificed on postnatal day 21. Testosterone concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay and the expressions of the testicular genes were determined by RT-PCR analyses. Significant reductions in the mean body and testis weight were observed in the OP treated animals. No marked alteration in the histological structure of the testis were observed, however, slight reduction in the seminiferous tubule diameter and the number of Leydig cells and several pyknotic cells could be identified in the 20 mg $kg^{-l}$ BW of the OP treated animals. Serum testosterone concentration was dramatically reduced and the mRNA expressions of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) and $17\beta$-hydroxylase/Cl7-20 lyase $(P450_{17\alpha})$ were decreased. No significant changes of the gene expressions of the steroidogenic factor-l (SF-I) and estrogen and androgen receptor after the OP treatment showed that the decreased expressions of the steroidogenic enzymes in the present study did not correlate with these genes. Altogether, the present study demonstrates that postnatal treatment of OP inhibits steroidogenesis by decreasing the transcriptional expressions of the StAR and steroidogenic enzymes. The alteration in steroidogenesis may adversely affect the normal development of the testis and sper- matogenesis.

Keywords

References

  1. Blake CA and FR Boockfor. 1997. Chronic administration of the environmental pollutant 4-tert-octylphenol to adult male rats interferes with the secretion of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and testosterone. BioI. Reprod. 57:255-266 https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod57.2.255
  2. Boockfor FR and CA Blake. 1997. Chronic administration of 4-tert-octylphenol to adult male rats causes shrinkage of the testes and male accessory sec organs, disrupts spermatogenesis, and increases the incidence of sperm deformities. BioI. Reprod. 57:267 -277 https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod57.2.267
  3. Guillette LJ Jr and MP Gunderson. 2001. Alterations in development of reproductive and endocrine systems of wildlife populations exposed to endocrine-disrupting contaminants. Reproduction 122:857-864 https://doi.org/10.1530/rep.0.1220857
  4. Gupta C. 1999. Modulation of androgen receptor (AR)mediated transcriptional activity by EGF in the developing mouse reproductive tract primary cells. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 152:169-178 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0303-7207(99)00048-9
  5. Haavisto TE, A Adamsson, SA Myllymaki, J Toppari and J Paranko. 2003. Effects of 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-tertbutylphenol, and diethylstilbesterol on prenatal testosterone surge in the rat. Reprod. Toxicol. 17:593-605 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6238(03)00103-5
  6. Habert R, H Lejeune and JM Saez. 2001. Origin, differentiation and regulation of fetal and adult Leydig cells. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 179:47-74 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0303-7207(01)00461-0
  7. Hess RA. 2003. Estrogen in the adult male reproductive tract: a review. Reprod. BioI. Endocrinol. 1:52 https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-1-52
  8. Ivanova T and C Beyer. 2000. Ontogenetic expression and sex differences of aromatase and estrogen receptor-$-\alpha/\beta$ mRNA in the mouse hippocampus. Cell Tissue Res. 300:231-237 https://doi.org/10.1007/s004410000199
  9. Kim SK, HJ Lee, HW Yang, HS Kim YD Yoon. 2004. Prepubertal exposure to 4-tert-octylphenol induces apoptosis of testicular germ cells in adult rat. . 50:1-15 https://doi.org/10.1080/01485010490475093
  10. Kuiper GGJM, JG Lemmen, B Carlsson, JC Corton, SH Safe, PT van der Saag, B van der Burg and JA Gustafsson.1998. Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor $\beta$. Endocrinology 139:4252-4263 https://doi.org/10.1210/en.139.10.4252
  11. Kuppers E and C Beyer. 1999. Expression of estrogen receptor$-\alpha$ and $\beta$ mRNA in the developing and adult mouse striatum. Neurosci. Lett. 276:95-98 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00815-0
  12. Majdic G, RM Sharpe, PJ O'shaughnessy and PTK Saunders. 1996. Expression of cytochrome P450 $17\beta-$hydroxylase/C 17-20 lyase in the fetal rat testis is reduced by maternal exposure to exogenous estrogens. Endocrinology 127:1063-1070
  13. Majdic G, RM Sharpe and PTK Saunders. 1997. Maternal oestrogen/xenoestrogens exposure alters expression of steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-l/Ad4BP) in the fetal rat testis. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 127:91-98 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0303-7207(96)03998-6
  14. Manna PR, J Kero, M Tena-Sempere, P Pakarinen, DM Stocco and IT Huhtaniemi. 2001. Assessment of mechanisms of thyroid hormone action in mouse Leydig cells: Regulation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, steroidogenesis, and luteinizing hormone receptor function. Endocrinology 142:319-331 https://doi.org/10.1210/en.142.1.319
  15. Mueller SO. 2004. Xenoestrogens: mechanisms of action and detection methods. Anal. Bioanal. Chern. 378:582-587 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-003-2238-x
  16. Murono EP, RC Derk and JH de Leon. 2000. Octylphenol inhibits testosterone biosynthesis by cultured precursor and immature Leydig cells from rat testes. Reprod. Toxicol. 14:275-288 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6238(00)00078-2
  17. Murono EP, RC Derk and JH de Leon. 2001. Differential effects of octylphenol, $17\beta$-estradiol, endosulfan, or bisphenol A on the steroidogenic competence of cultured adult rat Leydig cells. Reprod. Toxicol. 15:551-560 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6238(01)00158-7
  18. Nagao T, S Yoshimura, Y Saito, M Nakagomi, K Usumi and H Ono. 2001. Reproductive effects in male and female rats from neonatal exposure to p-octylphenol. Reprod. Toxicol. 15:683-692 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6238(01)00173-3
  19. Nagoa T, Y Saito, K Usumi, M Kuwagata and K Imai. 1999. Reproductive function in rats exposed neonatally to bisphenol A and estradiol benzoate. Reprod. Toxicol. 13:303-311 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6238(99)00017-9
  20. Nair-Menon JU, GT Campbell and CA Blake. 1996. Toxic effects of octylphenol on cultured rat and murine splenocytes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 139:437-444 https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1996.0185
  21. Nukula H, T Talonpoika, M Kaleva and J Toppari. 1999. Inhibition of hCG-stimulated steroidogenesis in cultured mouse Leydig tumor cells by bisphenol A and octylphenols. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 157:166-173 https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1999.8674
  22. O'shaughnessy PJ and MA Mannan. 1994. Development of cytochrome P-450 side chain cleavage mRNA levels in neonatal ovaries of normal and hypogonadal (hpg) mice. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 104:133-138 https://doi.org/10.1016/0303-7207(94)90115-5
  23. O'shayghnessy PJ, L Willerton and PJ Baker. 2002. Changes in Leydig cell gene expression during development in the mouse. BioI. Reprod. 66:966-975 https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod66.4.966
  24. Paris F, P Balaguer, B Terouanne, N Servant, C Lacoste, JP Cravedi, JC Nicolas and C Sultan. 2002. Phenylphenols, biphenols, bisphenol-A and 4-tert-octylphenol exhibit alpha and beta estrogen activities and antiandrogen activity in reporter cell lines. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 193:43-49 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0303-7207(02)00094-1
  25. Payne AH and GL Youngblood. 1995. Regulation of expression of steroidogenic enzymes in Leydig cells. BioI. Reprod. 52:217-225 https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod52.2.217
  26. Peter M and JM Dubuis. 2000. Transcriptional factors as regulators of steroidogenic P450 enzymes. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 30 (suppl. 3):14-20 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2362.2000.0300s3014.x
  27. Pons S and I Torres-Aleman. 1993. Estradiol modulates insulin-like growth factor I receptors and binding proteins
  28. Raychoudhury SS, CA Blake and CF Millette. 1999. Toxic effects of octylphenol on cultured rat spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 157: 192-202 https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1999.8664
  29. Sharpe RM, JS Fisher, MM Millar, S Jobling and JP Sumpter. 1995. Gestational and lactational exposure of rats to xenoestrogens results in reduced testicular size and sperm production. Environ. Health Perspect. 103: 1136-1143 https://doi.org/10.2307/3432610
  30. Sharpe RM, A Rivas, M Walker, C McKinnell and JS Fisher. 2003. Effects of neonatal treatment of rats with potent or weak (environmental) oestrogens, or with a GnRH antagonist, on Leydig cell development and function through puberty into adulthood. Int. J. Androl. 26:26-36 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2605.2003.00385.x
  31. $Str\ddot{o}mstedt$ M and MR Waterman. 1995. Messenger RNAs encoding steroidogenic enzymes are expressed in rodent brain. Mol. Brain Res. 34:75-88 https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-328X(95)00140-N
  32. Toyama Y, I Hosoi, S Ichikawa, M Maruoka, E Yashiro, H Ito and S Yuasa. 2001. Beta-estradiol 3-benzoate affects spermatogenesis in the adult mouse. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 178:161-168 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0303-7207(01)00419-1
  33. White R, S Jobling, SA Hoare, JP Sumpter and MG Parker. 1994. Environmentally persistent alkylphenolic compounds are estrogenic. Endocrinology 135:175-182 https://doi.org/10.1210/en.135.1.175
  34. Wolkowicz MJ, SA Coonrod, PP Reddi, JL Millan, MC Hormann, JC Herr, SM Coonrod. 1996. Refinement of the differentiated phenotype of the spermatogenic cell line GC-2spd (ts). BioI. Reprod. 55:923-932 https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod55.4.923
  35. Ying GG, B Williams and R Kookana. 2002. Environmental fate of alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates - a review. Environ. Int. 28:215-226 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00017-X
  36. Yoshida M, S Katsuda, A Takenaka, G Watanabe and K Taya, Maekawa A. 2001. Effects of neonatal exposure to a high-dose p-tert-octylphenol on the male reproductive tract in rats. Toxicol. Lett. 121:21-33 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(01)00311-3