Scavenging Properties of Atmospheric Carbon by Precipitation

  • Hwang, Kyung-Chul (Department of Environmental & Life Science, DongNam Health College) ;
  • Ma, Chang-Jin (Department of Socio-Environmental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science) ;
  • Cho, Ki-Chul (Department of Environmental & Life Science, DongNam Health College)
  • Published : 2004.06.01

Abstract

In order to investigate the scavenging property of airborne carbonaceous particles by precipitations, rainwater, snow sample, and total suspended particulate matter (TSP) were collected at a heavily industrialized urban site. Elemental carbon (EC) contents of both rainwater and snow water were deter-mined using elemental analysis system. EC concentrations in rain samples varied from 33.6 to 166.6 $\mu\textrm{g}$ L$^{-1}$ with an average 47.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$ L$^{-1}$ . On the other hand, those of snow samples in three times snow events were ranged from 122.4 to 293.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$ L$^{-1}$ . As might be expected, EC showed the significantly high scavenging rate at the initial rainfall. The average total carbon (TC) scavenging rate by washout mechanisms was 57.6% for five rainfall events. The scavenging rate of EC gradually increased in proportion to the increasing rainfall intensity and rainfall amount.

Keywords

References

  1. Andreae, M.O., T.W. Andreae, R.J. Ferek, and H. Raemdonck (1984) Long range transport of soot carbon in the marine atmosphere. Science of Total Environment, 36, 73-80
  2. Cachier, H. and J. Ducret (1991) Influence of biomass burning on equatorial African rain. Nature, 352, 228-230
  3. Chughtai, A.R., M.E. Brooks, and D.M. Smith (1996) Hydration of black carbon. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 19505-19514
  4. Chylek, P. and W.H. Marlow (1995) Enhanced absorption of solar radiation by cloud droplets containing soot particles in their surface. Q. JI. R Met. Soc., 118, 167-172
  5. Chylek, P., G.B. Lesins, G. Videen, J.G.D. Wong, R.G. Pinnick, D. Ngo, and J.D. Klett (1996) Black carbon and absorption of solar radiation by clouds. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 23367 -23371
  6. Chylek, P., L. Kou, B. Johnson, F. Boulada, and G. Lesins (1999) Black carbon concentrations in precipitation and near surface air in and near Halifax, Nova Scotia. Atmospheric Environment, 33, 2269-2277
  7. Clarke, A.D. (1989) Aerosol light absorption by soot in remote environments. Aerosol Science and Technology, 10, 161-171
  8. Clarke, A.D. and K.J. Noone (1985) Soot in the arctic snowpack: a cause for perturbations in radiative transfer. Atmospheric Environment, 19, 2045-2053 https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(85)90113-1
  9. Clarke, A.D., K.J. Noone, J. Heintzenberg, S.G. Warren, and D.S. Covert (1987) Aerosol light absorption measurement technical: analysis and intercomparison, Atmospheric Environment, 21, 1455-1465
  10. Ducret, J. and H. Cachier (1992) Particulate carbon in rain at various temperate and tropical locations. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 15, 55-67
  11. Ghan, S.J. and J.E. Penner (1992) Smoke, effects on climate. In Encyclopedia of Earth System Science 4, Academic Press, pp. 191-198
  12. Gray, D.M. and D.H. Male (1981) Handbook of snow; Principles, processes, management and use. Pergamon Press, Ontario, pp. 776-786
  13. Hallett, J., J.G. Hudson, and C.F. Rogers (1989) Characterization of combustion aerosols for haze and cloud formation. Aerosol Science Technology, 10, 70-83
  14. Hansen, A.D.A., B.A. Bodhaine, E.G. Dutton, and R.C. Schnell (1988) Aerosol black carbon measurement at the South Pole: initialresults, 1986-1987. Geophysical Research Letters, 15, 1193-1196 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL015i011p01193
  15. Harrison, R.M. and R.E. Van Grieken (1998) Atmospheric particles (Vol. 5). John Wiley and Sons press, Chichester, pp. 333-336
  16. Hitzenberger, R., A. Berner, H. Giebl, R. Kromp, S.M. Larson, A. Roue, A. Kosh, S. Marischka, and H. Puxbaum (1999) Contribution of carbonaceous material to cloud condensation nuclei concentrations in European back-ground (Mt. Sonnblick) and urban (Vienna) aerosols. Atmospheric Environment, 33, 2647-2659
  17. Hwang K.C. and C.J. Ma (2003) The distribution characteristics and Long-term trend of Carbonaceous Species in Airborne Particulate in Seoul between 1986 and 1996, Journal of Korea Soc. for Atmospheric Environment, 19, 11-20
  18. Jennings, G.S., M. Geever, P.M. McGovern, J. Francis, G. Spain, and T. Donaghy (1997) Micro-physical and physico-chemical characterization of atmospheric marine and continental aerosol at Mace Head. Atmospheric Environment, 31, 2795-2808
  19. Knutson, E.O., S.K. Sood, and J.D. Stockham (1975) Aerosol collection by snow and ice crystals. Atmospheric Environment, 10, 395-402