Journal of Environmental Science International (한국환경과학회지)

The Korean Environmental Sciences Society (한국환경과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Comparison of Household Trihalomethanes (THMs) Exposure Associated with Use of Municipal Tap Water Treated with Chlorine or Ozone-Chlorine

염소살균과 오존-염소살균 수도수의 사용과 관련한 가정 트리할로메탄 노출 비교평가

  • 조완근 (경북대학교 환경공학과) ;
  • 권기동 (경북대학교 환경공학과) ;
  • 동종인 (서울시립대학교 환경공학부) ;
  • 정용 (연세대학교 예방의학 및 공중보건학과)
  • Published : 2004.07.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Evaluated were household THMs exposure associated with the use of municipal tap water treated with chlorine and with ozone-chlorine. The current study measured the THMs concentrations in the tap water and indoor and outdoor air in the two types of household, along with an estimation of THMs exposure from water ingestion, showering, and the inhalation of indoor air. Chloroform was the most abundant THMs in all three media, yet no bromoform was detected in any sample. Contrary to previous findings, the fall water THMs concentrations exhibited no significant difference between the chlorine and ozone-chlorine treated water. However, the spring median chloroform concentration in the tap water treated with chlorine (17.6 ppb) was 1.3 times higher than that in the tap water treated with ozone-chlorine (13.4 ppb). It is suggested that the effects of the water parameters should be considered when evaluating the advantage of ozone-chlorine disinfection for THMs formation over chlorine disinfection. The indoor air THMs concentration trend was also consistent with the water concentration trend, yet the outdoor air THMs concentrations did not differ significantly between the two types of household. The indoor to outdoor air concentration ratios were comparable with previous studies. The THMs exposure estimates from water ingestion, showering, and the inhalation of indoor air suggested that, for the residents living in the surveyed households, their exposure to THMs in the home was mostly associated with their household water use, rather than the indoor air. The THMs exposure estimates from tap water ingestion were similar to those from showering.

Keywords

References

  1. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997, Community Water System Survey-Volume II. Detailed Survey Result Tables and Methodology Report, EPA 815-R-97-001b.
  2. Singer, P. C. and D. A. Reckhow, 1999, In "Water Quality and Treatment, A Handbook for Community Water Supplies"(R. D. Letterman, Ed.), 5th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, Chapter 12, 1-51.
  3. Gunten, U. V., A. Driedger, H. Gallard and E. Salhi, 2001, By-products formation during drinking water disinfection: a tool to assess disinfection efficiency, Water Res., 35, 2095-2099. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00051-3
  4. Clark, R. M., J. A. Goodrich and R. A. Drininger, 1992, Drinking water and cancer mortality, Sci. Total Environ., 53, 153-172.
  5. Morris, R. D., A. M. Audet, I. F. Angelillo, T. C. Chalmers and F. Musteller, 1992, Chlorination, chlorination by-products, and cancer: a meta-analysis, Amer. J. Public Health, 82, 955-963. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.82.7.955
  6. Bove F, M. C. Fulcomer and J. E. Savrin, 1995, Public drinking water contamination and birth outdomes, Am. J. Epidemiol, 141, 850-862.
  7. Glaze, W. H. and H. S. Weinberg, 1993, Identification and occurrence of ozonation byproducts in drinking water, American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Denver, CO, 13-18pp.
  8. Richardson, S. D., Jr. A. D. Thruston, T. V. Caughran, P. H. Chen, T. W. Collette and T. L. Floyd, 1999, Identification of new ozone disinfection byproducts in drinking water, Environ. Sci. Technol, 33, 3368-3377. https://doi.org/10.1021/es981218c
  9. Andelman, J. B., 1995, Inhalarion exposure in the home to volatile organic contaminants of drinking water, Sci. Total Environ., 47, 443-460.
  10. Murphy, B. L. and R. M. Riggin, 1988, Compendium of methods for the determination of toxic organic compounds in ambient air, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, EPA 600/4-89/017.
  11. McKone, T. E., 1993, Linking a PBPK model for chloroform with measured breath concentrations in showers: Implications for dermal exposure models, J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol., 3, 339-365.
  12. Nicholas, J., E. Giardino, N. A. Gumerman, D. A. Esmen and J. B. Andelman, 1992, Shower volatilization exposures in homes using tap water contaminated with trichloroethylene, J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol., Suppl., 1, 147-158.
  13. Jo, W. K., C. P. Weisel and P. J. Lioy, 1990, Chloroform exposure and the health risk and body burden from showering with chlorinated tap water, Risk Analysis, 10, 581-585. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00542.x
  14. 대구광역시 상수도사업본부, 2000, 대구광역시 정수장별 급수현황.
  15. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1981, The determination of halogenated chemicals in water by the purge and trap method, Method 502.1, Environmental Monitoring and Support laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio.
  16. Jo, W. K., L. Berraffato, C. Pietarinen and A. DiGioia, 1988, Field sampling for volatiles at a residential site, Presentation at the 81st Annual Meeting of APCA, Dallas, Texas.
  17. Weisel, C. P. and W. K. Jo, 1996, Ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposures to chloroform and trichloroethene, Environmental Health Perspectives, 104, 48-51. https://doi.org/10.2307/3432759
  18. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1980, Ambient water quality criteria for chloroform, EPA 440/5-80-033.
  19. 정용, 신동천, 박성은, 1996, 수질오염물질의 위해성 평가 및 관리기술, 연세대학교 환경공해연구소, 환경부 9-6-1.
  20. Lioy, P. J., L. Wallace and E. Pellizzari, 1991, Indoor/Outdoor, and Personal Monitor and Breath Analysis Relationships for Selected Volatile Organic Compounds Measured at Three Homes During New jersey TEAM-1987, J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol., 1, 45-61.
  21. Lindstrom, A. B. and J. D. Pleil, 1996, A methodological approach for exposure assessment studies in residences using volatile organic compound-contaminated water, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 46, 1058-1066. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1996.10467541
  22. 조완근, 1998, 목욕시 Chloroform에 대한 흡기 및 피부 접촉 노출, 한국환경과학회지, 7(3), 301-309.
  23. Trussell, R. R. and M. D. Umphres, 1978, The formation of trihalomethanes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 11, 604-612.
  24. Peters, C. J., R. J. Young and R. Perry, 1980, Factors influencing the formation of haloforms in the chlorination of humic substances, Environ. Sci. Technol., 14, 1391-1395. https://doi.org/10.1021/es60171a006
  25. Wallace, L. A, 1997, Human exposure and body burden for chloroform and other THMs, Crit. Rev. Technol., 27, 113-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389709388513