Review on Silkworm (Bombyx mori) Sex Control in China

  • Xu, An-Ying (Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences) ;
  • Li, Mu-Wang (Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences) ;
  • Sun, Ping-Jiang (Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences) ;
  • Zhang, Yue-Hua (Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences) ;
  • Hou, Cheng-Xiang (Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences)
  • Published : 2004.06.01

Abstract

Normally, silkworms, Bombyx mori, generate offspring by sexual activity. As we known, the hybrids of the first generation of the silkworm have higher cocoon production than pure lines. During the sericulture production, many processes are related with sex control. For example, sex sorting in the egg grainages, rearing of only male silkworm to save the mulberry leaf consumption and increase silk output and quality. Therefore it is very interested in understanding the sex control of the silkworm in theory and practice. Chinese sericultural scientists have been being engaged in the researches in the fields of artificifial parthogenesis, dispermic androgenesis, sex-limited varieties, sex linkage balanced lethal strain and high temperature sensitive male stocks for several decades and gained substantial achievement. Some of the achievements have been used in the commercial production. In this review, the authors introduced that the methods for control of the silkworm sex, and regulate the silkworm sex ratio according to different producing aim in the world and especially in China.

Keywords

References

  1. Chen, K. P., Q. Yao and C. Q. Lin (1988) Studies on silkworm cocoon fluorescence color. I. The cocoon fluorescence color of different silkwormraces. Acta Sericologica Sinica 14, 72-77
  2. Fang, A., A. Y. Xu, S. Q. Chen and J. T. Huang (1989) Studies on the chromosome engineering and its application in Bombyx mori. IV. Study on the parthenogenesis in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Acta Sericologica Sinica 5, 202-206
  3. Hasimoto, H. (1934) Formation of individual by the union of two sperm nuclei in the silkworm. Bull. Sericult. Exp. Stat. Jpn. 8, 10
  4. He, K. R., X. R. Zhu, J. H. Huang and J. G. Xia (2001) Study on improvement of sex-linkage balanced lethal silkworm strain by backcross.Acta Sericologica Sinica 27, 185-188
  5. Huang, J. T. (1980) Studies on sex control in silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). Hereditas 2,1-5 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1921.tb03170.x
  6. Huang, J. T. (1984a) Studies on the chromosome engineering and its application in Bombyx mori. I. Acquirement of translocation lines from Z to W chromosome. Acta Sericologica Sinica 10, 34-37
  7. Huang, J. T. (l984b) Studies on the chromosome engineering and its application in Bombyx mori. II. Genotype of the translocation line and its physiological drawback. Acta Sericologica Sinica 10, 214-216
  8. Lin, J. R. and Y. L. Chen (1996) Study on the sch control of unhatched female. Chinese Sericulture 17, 14-15
  9. Lin, J. R., Z. R. Huang, H. C. Yan, S. Q. Zhong,Y. H. Sima, X. G. Huang and X. W. Zhang (2000) Study on the control of solo-hatched female silkworm. Acta Sericologica Sinica 26, 56-58
  10. Liu, J. Q., Z. C. Yu, Y. M. Cui, D. L.Yu and Z. X. Duan (1996) Breeding of fluorescence cocoon color sex-limited varieties Yingguang & Chunyu and the preparation of their $f_1$ hybrid. Acta Sericologica Sinica 22, 155-159
  11. Lu, H. S. (1991) Sericulture in China Shanghai Scientech Press, Shanghai
  12. Lu, J. Y. (1994) Studies on silkworm paarthenogenesis and its generation using the method of freezing ovary. Acta Sericologica Sinica 20, 243-244
  13. Ostryakova-Varshaver, V. P. and B. L. Astaurov (1947) Inheritable variety of ability for thermal androgenesis in the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). Dokl. AN SSSR (USSR). 58,9
  14. Ostryakova-Varshaver, V. P. (1952) Cytology of fertilization in the silkworm in connection with the different sensitivity of successive phases of the process to high temperature. Dokl. AN SSSR (USSR). 83, 6
  15. Pan, Q. Z., Y. L. Chen, J. W. Chen, J. R. Lin and Z. R. Huang (1992) Control of silkworm sex by means of incubation temperature. Chinese Sci. Bull. 37, 1133-1136
  16. Pan, S. Q., B. Y. Li, Q. X. Liao, F. Q. Wu, Z. Y. Chen and L. H. Chen (1996a) Parthenogenesis ability of silkworm germplasm. Guangdong Agric. Sci. 39, 40-42
  17. Pan, S. Q., B. Y. Li, Q. X. Liao, F. Q. Wu, Z. Y. Chen and L. H. Chen (1996b) Studies on silkworm parthenogenesis and its application-economic characters of parthenogenesis silkworm races. Guangdong Sericul. 30, 32-36
  18. Sericultural Department, South China Agricultural University (1979) Newslett. Guangdong Silk 1,49-51
  19. Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1989) Silkworm genetic and breeding. Beijing Scientific Press, Beijing
  20. Strunnikov, V. A. and L. M. Gulamova (1969) Artificial sex control in the silkworm. Communication I. Development of sex-marked breeds of Bombyx mori. Genetika (USSR) 5, 6
  21. Strunnikov, V. A. (1983) Control of Silkworm Reproduction, Development and Sex. MIR Publishers, Moscow
  22. Sun, B. Z. (1959) Course of breeding mark sex-limited silkworm races Zhen-3 and Zhen-4. Newslett. Serio Sci. 4, 213-217
  23. Terskaya, E. R. and V. A. Stuninkov (1974) Activation of silkworm eggs towards meiotic parthogenesis. Doklady AN SSSR (USSR) 19, 5
  24. Terskaya, E. R. and V. A. Stuninkov (1975) Artificial meiotic parthogenesis in the silkworm. Genetika (USSR) 11, 5
  25. Tazima, Y. and A. Onuma (1967) Experimental induction of androgenesis, gynogenesis and polyploidy in Bombyx mori by treatment with $CO_2$2 gas. J. Seri. Sci. Jpn 36, 4
  26. Wang, Y. Q., J. G. Xia, L. S. Yao and M. K. Xu (1998) Study on the optimum conditions of silkworm parthenogenesis induced by hot water treatment. Sericul. Bull. 29, 30-31
  27. Wang, Y. Q., M. K. Xu, X. L. He and J. G. Xia (2001) Studies on parthenogenesis of commercial silkworm races. Acta Sericologica Sinica 27, 20-23
  28. Xu, A. Y., A. Fang and J. T. Huang (1988) Studies on the chromosome engineering and its application in Bombyx mori. III. Induction of androgenesis silkworm. Acta Sericologica Sinica 14, 93-96
  29. Xu, A. Y., A. Fang, S. Q. Chen and J. T. Huang (1993) Induction of sex linkage lethal mutants. Acta Sericologica Sinica 19,47-48
  30. Xu, A. Y., A. Fang and J. T. Huang (1994a) Induction of androgenesis in Bombyx mori by -rays, Acta Agric. Nucleatae Sinica 8, 189-192
  31. Xu, A. Y., A. Famg and J. T. Huang (1994b) Location of sex linkage lethal mutants and their relationship to Z\rightarrowW+sch. Acta Sericologica Sinica 20, 120-121
  32. Xu, A. Y., M. W.Li, A. Fang and J. T. Huang (1997) Induction of recessive lethal mutants on chromosome Z and Study on their location. Acta Sericologica Sinica 23, 124-125
  33. Xu, H. R., C. C. Wu, Z. G. Chen and X. G. Liu (1994) The induction of parthenogenesis of silkworm (Bombyx mori) by laser irradiation. Laser Biol. 3, 444-447
  34. Zhang, G. (1950) Rearing course of the first generation of artificial parthenogenesis silkworm. Chinese Sci. Bull. 1,20-21
  35. Zhang, G. (1951) Continuous report of artificial parthenogenesis silkworm. Chinese Sci. Bull. 2, 635-636
  36. Zhu, Y., P. Chen, T. F. Zhao, C. Lu and Z. H. Xiang (2001) Research on the application of sch gene in the sex control of silkworm and the improvement of sex-limited male silkworm variety. Acta Sericologica Sinica 27,253-256
  37. Zhu, Y. and Z. H. Xiang (1989) Experiment of parthenogenesis in silkworm. Newslett. Seri. Sci. 9, 7-9