Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition (한국식품영양과학회지)

The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition (한국식품영양과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Effect of 3-(4-hydroxyl -33,53-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic Acid in Chinese Cabbage Kimchi on Lowering Hypercholesterolemia

배추김치의 활성성분인 3-(4-hydroxyl-33,53-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid의 고지혈증 치료 효과

  • 김현주 (부산대학교 식품영양학과 및 김치연구소) ;
  • 권명자 (부산대학교 식품영양학과 및 김치연구소) ;
  • 서정민 (부산대학교 화학과 및 기능성소재연구소) ;
  • 김재곤 (부산대학교 화학과 및 기능성소재연구소) ;
  • 송수희 (부산대학교 화학과 및 기능성소재연구소) ;
  • 서홍석 (부산대학교 화학과 및 기능성소재연구소) ;
  • 송영옥 (부산대학교 식품영양학과 및 김치연구소)
  • Published : 2004.01.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The active principle responsible for lipid lowering in Chinese cabbage kimchi, 3-(4-hydroxyl-3'5'-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid, of molecular weight 226, was chemically synthesized and then used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in male New Zealand white rabbit. Hypercholesterolemia in rabbits were induced by feeding 0.5% cholesterol added chow diet for 5 weeks. Each experimental group has four rabbits in it. for the 1st experiment,3-(4-hydroxyl-3'5'-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid or simvastatin was injected to the ear vein of rabbit every other day for 16 days (2 mg/3 kg/2 days) while normal chow diet was provided. Blood was drawn every 4th day. For the 2nd experiment, all the experimental condition was same as the 1st trial except 0.5% cholesterol diet was provided while 16 days. Plasma cholesterol level was decreased when cholesterol in the diet was removed. Decreased in cholesterol in kimchi and simvastatin groups were 18.65 and 29.67%, respectively compared to the control when the normal diet was given, and cholesterol increase was inhibited by 33.79 and 21.81% for kimchi and simvastatin groups, respectively, when 0.5% cholesterol diet was provided. The drop in LDL-C level by the active principle of kimchi and simvastatin was not significant when normal diet was given, however the changes was significant (p<0.05), approximately 130% decrease, when 0.5% cholesterol diet was given. The 105% and 62% decreased in triglyceride concentration were observed from 0.5% cholesterol diet fed kimchi and simvastatin groups respectively HDL cholesterol levels in experimental groups were not changed significantly from the both trials. The HMG-CoA reductase activity of kimchi and simvastatin groups were found to be higher than that of control to compensate the hypercholesterolemic condition induced by 0.5% cholesterol diet in these groups. In conclusion, diet is an important factor to control the hypercholesterolemia besides drug treatment. 3-(4-hydroxyl-3'5'-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid that is the active principle in Chinese cabbage kimchi seems a beneficial to the hypercholesterolemia and its effect is comparable to that of simvastatin.

배추김치의 생리활성물질인 3-(4-hydroxyl-3',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid의 고지혈증 치료효과를 살펴보기 위하여 고콜레스테롤 혈증을 유발시킨 토끼에게 1차 실험에서는 정상식이를 공급하고 2차 실험에서는 고콜레스테롤 식이를 공급하면서 각각 16일간 정맥으로 투여하여 혈장지질 농도 변화를 살펴보았고, 그 효과는 고지혈증 치료제로 사용되고 있는 Simvastatin과 비교하였다. 정상식이 공급시 Kimchi군 및 Simvastatin군에 의한 총콜레스테롤 감소는 대조군에 비해 18.65%와 29.67%이었고 고콜레스테롤 식이 공급시에는 각각 33.79%및 21.81%이었다. LDL-C의 저하현상은 정상식이 공급시에는 미미하게 관찰되었고, 고콜레스테롤 식이 공급시에는 Kimchi군 및 Simvastatin군에서 약 130%정도의 감소 효과가 관찰되었다. 중성지방의 감소효과는 정상식이시에는 거의 관찰되지 않았고, 고콜레스테롤 식이시에는 Kimchi군에서 약 105%, 그리고 Simvastatin군에서 약 62%정도의 감소가 관찰되었다. HDL-C의 변화는 모든 군에서 관찰되지 않았다. 고콜레스테롤 식이를 섭취한 토끼간의 HMG-CoA reductase 활성을 살펴보았을 때 Kimchi군 및 Simvastatin군의 활성이 48.44% 그리고 139.06% 증가하였다. 본 연구결과 Kimchi군은 고지혈증을 치료하는 효과가 있음이 관찰되었고, 그 효과는 Simvastatin군과 유사하였다. Kimchi군 및 Simvastatin군에서 관찰된 HMG-CoA reductase 활성의 증가는 지질저하 현상에 대한 보상 작용으로 생체 항상성 유지를 위한 현상으로 사료된다 3-(4-hydroxyl-3',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid의 고지혈증 치료기전은 Simvastatin과 유사할 것으로 예상된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Death of cause statistical annual report Korea National Statistical Office
  2. Atherosclerosis v.153 Statin and cardiovascular disease: the multiple effects of lipid-lowering therapy by statins Rauch,U.;Osende,J.I.;Chesebro,J.H.;Fuster,V.;Vorchheimer,D.A.;Harris,K.;Harris,P.;Sandler,D.A.;Fallon,J.T.;Jayaraman,S.;Badimon,J.J. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00397-X
  3. Drugs v.57 Fluvastatin Langtry,H.D.;Markham,A. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199957040-00009
  4. Drugs v.50 Simvastatin Plosker,G.L.;McTavish,D. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199550020-00009
  5. J Lipid Research v.38 Additive hypocholesterolemic effect of psylliun and cholestyramine in the hamster: influence on fecal sterol and bile acid profiles. Daggy,B.P.;O'Connell,N.C.;Jerdack,G.R.;Stinson,B.A.;Setchell,K.D.R.
  6. Atherosclerosis Antiatherothrombotic effects of nicotinic acid Rosenson,R.S.
  7. American J Medicine v.112 Management of dyslipidemia Gotto,A.M. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01085-9
  8. Hepatology v.21 Influence of bezafibrate on hepatic cholesterol metabolism in gallstone patients: reduced activity of cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase. Stahlberg,D.;Reihner,E.;Rudling,M.;Berglund,L.;Einarsson,K.;Angelin,B.
  9. Atherosclerosis v.127 Opposite effects of bezafibrate and gemfibrozil in both normal and hypertrigly ceridemic rats. Krause,B.R.;Barnett,B.C.;Essenburg,A.D.;Kieft,K.A.;Auerbach,B.J.;Bousley,R.;Stanfield,R.;Newton,R.S.;Bisgaier,C.L. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(96)05939-4
  10. Atherosclerosis v.139 Beneficial effect of gemfibrozil on the chemical composition and oxidative susceptibility of low density lipoprotein: a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study. Yoshida,H.;Ishikawa,T.;Ayaori,M.;Shige,H.;Ito,T.;Suzukawa,M.;Nakamura,H. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(98)00062-8
  11. Druge v.52 Bezafibrate Goa,K.L.;Barradell,L.B.;Plosker,G.L. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199652050-00008
  12. Biol Pharm Bull v.21 Cotrol of plasma cholesterol-lowering action of probucol with various lipid carrier systems. Takino,T.;Koreeda,N.;Nomura,T.;Sakaeda,T.;Yamasutta,F.;Takakura,Y.;Hashida,M. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.21.492
  13. J Clin Invest v.95 Dietary probucol preserves endothelial function in cholesterol-fed rabbits by limiting vascular oxidative stree and superoxide generation. Keaney,J.F.Jr.;Xu,A.;Cunningham,D.;Jackson,T.;Frei,B.;Vita,J.A. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI117953
  14. Atherosclerosis v.137 Probucol treatment attenuates the aortic atheroscle-rosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. Oshima,R.;Ikeda,T.;Watanabe,K.;Itakura,H.;Sugiyama,N. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(97)00243-8
  15. J Lipid Research v.39 Effect of probucol on LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice Bird,D.A.;Tangirala,R.K.;Fruebis,J.;Steinberg,D.;Witztum,J.L.;Palinski,W.
  16. Experimental Cell Research v.236 Effect of protein kinase Ca overexpression on A7r5 smooth muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. Wang,S.;Desai,D.;Wright,G.;Niles,R.M.;Wright,G.L. https://doi.org/10.1006/excr.1997.3714
  17. Atherosclerosis v.89 Comparison of effects of fish oil and com oil supplements on hyperlipidemic diet induced atherogenesis in swin. Kim,D.N.;Schmee,J.;Lee,C.S.;Eastman,A.;Ross,J.S.;Thomas,W.A. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(91)90060-G
  18. Atherosclerosis v.137 Effects of atorvastatin monotherapy and simvastatin plus cholestyramine on arterial endothelial function in patients with severe primary hypercholesterolaemia. Simons,L.A.;Sullivan,D.;Simons,J.;Celermajer,D.S. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(97)00252-9
  19. Thromb Haemost v.83 Effects of fluvastatin and Bezafibrate combination on plasma fibrinogen, T-plasminogen activator inhibitor and C reactive protein levels in coronary artery disease patients with mixed hyperlipidaemia (FACT study). Cortellaro,M.;Cofrancesco,E.;Boschetti,C.;Cortellaro,F.;Mancini,M.;Mariani,M.;Paoletti,R.
  20. Pharmacology & Therapeutics v.99 The lipid and non-lipid effects of statins. Wierzbicki,A.S.;Poston,R.;Ferro,A. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7258(03)00055-X
  21. Eur J Clin Pharmacol v.57 Metabolism and drug interactions of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A-reductase inhibitors (statins). Igel,M.;Sudhop,T.;vonBergman,K. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002280100329
  22. Am Heart J v.145 Treating dyslipidemia with statins: The risk-benefit profile. Clark,L.T. https://doi.org/10.1067/mhj.2003.70
  23. Atherosclerosis v.29 Effect of garlic oil in experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis. Jain,R.C.;Konar,D.B. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(78)90002-3
  24. J Nutr v.103 Effect of S-methlcysteine sulfoxide, S-allylcysteine sulfoxide and related sulfur containing amino acids on lipid metabolism of experimental hypercholesterolemic rats. Yoshinoro,I.;Kikuko,I.;Sukenari,S.;Fujiwara,M.
  25. J Food Sci Nutr v.1 Biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid by microorganism in kimchi fermentation process. Cheigh,H.S.;Yu,R.;Choi,H.J.;Jun,H.K.
  26. Korean J Life Science v.6 Antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts from freeze dried kimchi. Lee,Y.O.;Cheigh,H.S.
  27. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr v.27 Antioxidative effect of kimchi ingredients rabbits fed cholesterol diet. Kwon,M.J.;Song,Y.S.;Song,Y.O.
  28. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr v.28 Daily kimchi consumption and its hypolipidemic effect in middle-aged men. Kwon,M.J.;Chun,J.H.;Song,Y.S.;Song,Y.O.
  29. Life Science v.72 Cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity and atherogenic parameters in rabbit supplemented with cholesterol and garlic powder. Kwon,M.J.;Song,Y.S.;Choi,M.S.;Park,S.J.;Jeong,K.S.;Song,Y.O. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(03)00234-0
  30. Clinica Chimica Acta v.332 Red pepper attenuates cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity and atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Kwon,M.J.;Song,Y.S.;Choi,M.S.;Song,Y.O. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-8981(03)00118-9
  31. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr v.29 The effects of solvent fractions of kimchi on plasma lipid concentration of rabbit fed high cholesterol diet. Hwang,J.W.;Song,Y.O.
  32. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr v.29 Effects of solvent fractions of Korean cabbage kimchi on antioxidative enzyme activities and fatty acid composition of phospholipid of rabbit fed 1% cholesterol diet. Kim,H.J.;Kwon,M.J.;Song,Y.O.
  33. MS Thesis. Pusan National University Identification of active principle responsible for antiartherogenesis in methanol extract of baechu kimchi. Lee,Y.M.
  34. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr v.32 Effects of kimchi solvent fractions on anti-oxidative enzyme activities of heart, kidney and lung of rabbit fed a high cholesterol diet. Jeon,H.N.;Kim,H.J.;Song,Y.O. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2003.32.2.250
  35. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr v.30 The effect of kimchi pill supplementation on plasma lipid concentration in healthy people. Choi,S.H.;Kim,H.J.;Kwon,M.J.;Baek,Y.H.;Song,Y.O.
  36. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr v.27 The fibrinolytic activity of kimchi and its ingredients in vivo and in vitro. Kim,M.J.;Song,Y.S.;Song.Y.O.
  37. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr v.31 The effect of kimchi intake on production of free radicals and anti-oxidative enzyme activities in the liver of SAM. Kim,J.H.;Kwon,M.J.;Lee,S.Y.;Ryu,J.D.;Moon,G.S.;Cheigh,H.S.;Song,Y.O. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2002.31.1.109
  38. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr v.31 The effect of kimchi on production of free radicals and anti-oxidative enzyme activities in the brain of SAM. Kim,J.H.;Ryu,J.D.;Lee,H.G.;Park,J.H.;Moon,G.S.;Cheigh,H.S.;Song,Y.O. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2002.31.1.117
  39. MS Thesis. Pusan National University Anti-aging effects of kimchi diet in senescence accelerated mice (SAM p-8). Lee,S.Y.
  40. Clin Chem v.20 Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol. Allain,C.C;Poon,L.S.;Chan,C.S.G.;Richman,W.;Fu,P.C.
  41. Clin Chem v.29 A peroxidase-coupled method for the colormetric determination of serum triglycerides. McGowan,M.W.;Artiss,J.D.;Strandburgh,D.R.;Zak,B.
  42. Biochem Biophys Acta v.370 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reducatse in rat liver and in L-cell fibroblasts. Shapiro,D.J.;Nordstorm,J.L.;Rodwell,V.W.;Mitschelen,J.J.
  43. Am J Cardiol v.80 The rule of 5 and the rule of 7 in lipid-lowering by statin drugs. Roberts,W.C. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00298-1
  44. Am J Cardiol v.86 Follow-up study of patients fandomized in the scandinavian simvastatin survival study (4S) of cholesterol lowering. Pedersen,T.R.;Wilhelmsen,L.;Faergeman,O.;Strandberg,T.E.;Thorgeirsson,G.;Troedsson,L.;Kristianson,J.;Berg,K.;Cook,T.J.;Haghfelt,T.;Kjekshus,J.;Miettinen,T.;Olsson,A.G.Pyorala,K.;Wedel,H. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(00)00910-3
  45. European J Pharmacology v.347 Effect of hypolipidemic drugs on key enzyme activities related to lipid metabolism in normolipidemic rabbits. Alegret,M.;Verd,J.C.;Diaz,C.;Hernandez,G.;Adzet,T.;Sanchez,R.M.;Laguna,J.C. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00096-X
  46. Lipids v.30 The effects of simvastatin and cholestyramine, alone and in combination, on hepatic cholesterol metabolism in the male rat. Shand,J.H.;West,D.W. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02537483

Cited by

  1. Quality and Fermentation Characteristics of Garlic-added Kimchi vol.19, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2012.19.4.539
  2. Active Principle of Kimchi, 3-(4′-Hydroxyl-3′,5′-Dimethoxyphenyl)propionic Acid, Retards Fatty Streak Formation at Aortic Sinus of Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice vol.12, pp.6, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2009.0034
  3. Functionality and safety of lactic bacterial strains from Korean kimchi vol.31, pp.2, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.10.034
  4. Diversity and community analysis of fermenting bacteria isolated from eight major Korean fermented foods using arbitrary-primed PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing vol.58, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13765-015-0062-6
  5. Non-dairy Based Probiotics: A Healthy Treat for Intestine vol.56, pp.11, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2013.790780
  6. Beneficial effects of the active principle component of Korean cabbage kimchi via increasing nitric oxide production and suppressing inflammation in the aorta of apoE knockout mice vol.109, pp.01, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512000633
  7. Growth of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Quality Characteristics of Baechu Kimchi Prepared with Various Salts and Concentration vol.29, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.7318/KJFC/2014.29.3.286
  8. Kimchi, a Fermented Vegetable, Improves Serum Lipid Profiles in Healthy Young Adults: Randomized Clinical Trial vol.16, pp.3, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2012.2563
  9. The Effect of Container Types on the Growth of Bacteria during Kimchi Fermentation vol.26, pp.2, 2013, https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2013.26.2.249
  10. Probiotic Properties of Lactobacillus strains Isolated from Kimchi vol.24, pp.11, 2014, https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2014.24.11.1231
  11. Relationship between Kimchi and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults : Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) 2007~2012 vol.22, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.14373/JKDA.2016.22.3.151
  12. Beneficial Effects of Kimchi, a Korean Fermented Vegetable Food, on Pathophysiological Factors Related to Atherosclerosis vol.21, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2017.3946
  13. A survey of research papers on the health benefits of kimchi and kimchi lactic acid bacteria vol.51, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2018.51.1.1
  14. 3-(4′-hydroxyl-3′, 5′-dimethoxyphenyl) Propionic Acid Suppresses NO Production and Elevates GSH Levels in Murine Macrophages vol.9, pp.3, 2004, https://doi.org/10.3746/jfn.2004.9.3.270
  15. Effects of Water-soluble and Water-insoluble Fractions of Kimchi on the Alteration of Plasma Lipids and Fibrinolytic Activity in Middle-aged Healthy Subjects vol.11, pp.3, 2006, https://doi.org/10.3746/jfn.2006.11.3.218
  16. 다시마 첨가 배추김치의 체중 감량 및 지질 저하 효과 vol.36, pp.9, 2004, https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2007.36.9.1140
  17. 다시마를 첨가한 배추김치의 항산화 효과 vol.36, pp.12, 2007, https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2007.36.12.1497
  18. 김치를 이용한 타블렛 조성물이 고지방식이로 유도된 흰쥐의 비만 억제에 미치는 효과 vol.36, pp.12, 2004, https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2007.36.12.1529
  19. Healthy and safe Korean traditional fermented foods: kimchi and chongkukjang vol.5, pp.3, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jef.2018.08.003