DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Wet Feeding of Diets with or without Food Waste on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Finishing Pigs

  • Moon, J.S. (College of Animal Resource Sciences, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Kwon, I.K. (College of Animal Resource Sciences, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Chae, B.J. (College of Animal Resource Sciences, Kangwon National University)
  • Received : 2003.01.25
  • Accepted : 2003.12.26
  • Published : 2004.04.01

Abstract

Two experiments were conducted. In expt. 1, a total of fifty-four pigs (L$\times$Y$\times$D, 56.14$\pm$1.7 kg) were used for a feeding trial to determine the effect of wet feeding of a commercial-type diet without food waste (FW). Treatments were dry (Control), wet (WF) and wet+dry feeding (WDF). For wet feeding, the diet was mixed with water at a ratio of 1:2.5 (feed:water). A wet feed was given during the whole experimental period for the WF group, but the dry feed was given during the finisher period for the WDF group. In expt. 2, a total of fifty-four pigs(L$\times$Y$\times$D, 55.7$\pm$1.8 kg) were used for a feeding trial to determine the effect of wet feeding of FW. Treatments were a commercial-type dry (Control), wet fermented food waste (WFFW) and WFFW+dry feeding (WFFW+DF). For wet feeding of fermented food waste, however, some ingredients (concentrate) were added to make nutrient contents comparable to the control diet. The FW collected was ground ($\leq$5 mm), heated with a steam jacket (140$\pm$3$^{\circ}C$) and fermented with probiotics for one day in a steel container at 30-40$^{\circ}C$. For the WFFW group, the wet feed was given during the whole experimental period, but a dry feed was given during finisher period for the WFFW+DF group. In expt. 1, during the grower period, pigs fed wet feed showed higher average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than those fed only dry feed (p<0.05). During the finisher period, pigs in the WDF group showed better ADG and FCR than the control group. During the entire experimental period, pigs in the WDF group grew faster (p<0.05) than those in the control group, and the same trend was found in FCR. Also, dressing percentage, backfat thickness, lean %, and pork color were not affected by the wet feeding of diets in this study. In expt. 2, during the grower period, pigs fed diets containing FW showed lower (p<0.05) ADG than those fed the control diet. But FCR was better (p<0.05) in pigs fed FW than in the control group. During the finisher period, pigs in the WFFW+DF group grew faster (p<0.05) than those in the control and WFFW groups. During the entire experimental period, pigs fed the control diet showed better ADG (p<0.05) than those fed FW, but feed intake and FCR were vice versa. Dressing percentage was lower (p<0.05) in the WFFW than in the control group, but backfat was thinner in the WFFW group than in the control group. In summary, it can be concluded that wet feeding of formula feed can improve daily gain, however, feeding fermented wet food waste may reduce daily gain of finishing pigs, even though it was fermented and the nutrient was fortified with concentrates. In addition, dry feeding of a formula feed during the finishing period can improve daily gain in pigs fed a wet feed with or without food waste during the grower period.

Keywords

References

  1. AOAC. 1990. Official methods of analysis (15th ed.). Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Arlington, VA.
  2. Barber, J. 1992. The rationalisation of drinking water supplies for pig housing. Ph. D. thesis. Polytehnic South West, UK.
  3. Boda, K. 1990. Domestic refuse. In: Nonconventional Feedstuffs in the Nutrition of Farm Animals (Ed. K. Boda). Developments in Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 23. Elsevier. Amsterdam. pp. 182-185.
  4. Brooks, P. H. 1994. Water-forgotten nutrient and novel delivery system. In: Biotechnology in the Feed Industry (Ed. T. P. Lyons and K. A. Jacques). Proceedings of Alltech’s Tenth Annual symposium. Nottingham University Press. pp. 211-234.
  5. Chae, B. J. and J. S. Moon. 1997. Feeding wet fermented food waste in finishing pigs. Unpublished.
  6. Chae, B. J., S. C. Choi, Y. G. Kim, C. H. Kim and K. S. Sohn. 2000. Effects of feeding dried food waste on growth and nutrient digestibility in growing-finishing pigs. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 13:1304-1308.
  7. Forbes, T. J. and N. Walker. 1968. The utilization of wet feed by bacon pigs with special reference to pipe line feedings. J. Agric. Sci. 71:145-151.
  8. Gadd, J. 1992. Effect of wet feeding on performance of finishing pigs. In: Theory and practice in swine production. (Ed. J. Gadd). Swine Research Publt. Seoul. p. 348.
  9. Geary, T. M., P. H. Brooks, D. T. Morgan, A. Campbell and P. J. Russell. 1996. Performance of weaner pigs fed at libitum with liquid feed at different dry matter concentrations. J. Sci. Food Agric. 72:17-24.
  10. Gill, B. P., P. H. Brooks and J. L. Carpenter. 1991. The effects of water and creep feed provision on the performance of suckling piglets. Anim. Prod. 52:599.
  11. Gill, B. P. 1989. Water use by pigs managed under various conditions of housing, feeding and nutrition. Ph. D. Thesis. Plymouth Polytechnic, Plymouth, UK.
  12. Jensen, B. B. and L. L. Mikkelsen. 1998. Feeding liquid diets to pigs. In: Recent advances in animal nutrition (Ed. P. C. Garnsworthy and J. Wiseman). Nottingham University Press. UK. pp. 107-126.
  13. Kim, J. H. 1999. Liquid feeding for pigs: Impact on growth, protein deposition and days market weight. Ph. D. Dissertation. Seoul National University, Suwon, Korea.
  14. Kneale, W. A. 1972. A comparison of commercial wet and dry feeding systems for fattening bacon pigs. Experimental Husbandry, 21:51-59.
  15. Lipstein, B. 1984. Evaluation of nutritional value of treated kitchen waste in broiler diets. Proc. of the 17th World Poultry Science Congress. Helsinki, pp. 372-374.
  16. Maton, A. and J. Daelemans. 1991. Study of the wet-feed hopper versus the dry-feed hopper for finishing pigs. Revue de L'Agriculture, 44:763.
  17. Myer, R. O., J. H. Brendemuhl and D. D. Johnson. 1999. Evaluation of dehydrated food waste products as feedstuffs for finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 77:685-692.
  18. Nielsen, E. K. and A. Madsen. 1978. Feeding strategy for slaughter pigs. 1. Dry or soaked feed in Danish. Publication No. 233. Meddelelse. National Institute of Animal Science, Denmark, Tjele.
  19. NPPC. 1991. Procedures to evaluate market hogs (3rd ed.). National Pork Producers Council. Des Moines. IA.
  20. Patridge, G. C., J. Fisher, H. Gerory and S. G. Prior. 1992. Automated wet feeding of weaner pigs vs. conventional dry diet feeding: effects on growth rate and food consumption. Anim. Prod. 54:484.
  21. Payne, H. G. 1991. The evaluation of Single-space and wet-anddry feeders for the Australian environment. In: Manipulating pig production III (Ed. E. S. Batterham). Austr. Pig Sci. Association, Nov. p. 158.
  22. Peet, B. 1989. Single-space ad libitum feeders. No. 15. National Agricultural Center, Stoneleigh.
  23. Pond, W. G. and J. H. Maner. 1984. Swine Production and Nutrition. AVI Publishing Co, Westport, CT.
  24. Russel, P. J., T. M. Geary, P. H. Brooks and A. Campbell. 1966. Performance, water use and effluent output of weaner pigs fed ad libitum with either dry pellets or liquid feed and the role of microbial activity in the liquid feed. J. Sci. Food Agric. 72:8-16.
  25. SAS. 1985. SAS User`s Guide; Statistics. Statistical Analysis system. Inst. Inc. Cary, NC.
  26. Smed, A. F. 1994. Dry versus liquid feeding of female and entire male pigs in Danish. Publication No. 276. Meddelelse. The National Committee for pig Breeding, Health and Production. Denmark, Copenhagen.
  27. Smith, P. 1976. A comparison of dry, wet and soaked meal for fattening bacon pigs. Exp. Husbandry. 30:87-94.
  28. Soliman, A. A., S. Hamdy, A. A. Khaleel, M. A. Abaza, A. R. Akkada and K. Shazly. 1978. The use of restaurant food waste in poultry nutrition. 1. Effects on growing chicks. Alex. J. Agric. Res. 26(3):489-499.
  29. Toplis, P. 1992. Feeding for 30kg in 60days. In: Advances in pork production (3rd ed.). University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. 13(1):22-46.
  30. Yang, C. J. 1999. Use of food wastes in diets for animals. Proc. of a Symposium for Use of Food Waste in Animal Production. July. Livestock Experiment Station. Suweon, Korea. pp. 131-145.
  31. Yang, J. S., J. H. Lee, T. G. Ko, T. B. Kim, B. J. Chae, Y. Y. Kim and In K. Han. 2001. Effects of wet feeding of processed diets on performance, morphological changes in the small intestine and nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 14(9):1308-1315.

Cited by

  1. leaf supplementation on the growth performance, blood and meat quality parameters in growing and finishing pigs vol.80, pp.1, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2008.00593.x
  2. The effect of fermented apple diet supplementation on the growth performance and meat quality in finishing pigs vol.80, pp.1, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2008.00598.x
  3. vol.86, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.86.335
  4. The Effect of Change in Meat Quality Parameters on Pig Longissimus dorsi Muscle by the Addition of Fermented Persimmon Shell Diet vol.19, pp.2, 2004, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2006.286
  5. Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Dehydrated Food Waste Products on Taiwan Native Chicken (Taishi No. 13) vol.20, pp.5, 2007, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2007.754
  6. Digestibility and Nitrogen Balance of Diets that Include Marine Fish Meal, Catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) By-product Meal and Silage, and Processing Waste Water in Growing Pigs vol.23, pp.7, 2010, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2010.90496
  7. Effects of the Feed: Water Mixing Proportion on Diet Digestibility of Growing Pigs vol.9, pp.10, 2004, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9100791
  8. Food loss and food waste recovery as animal feed: a systematic review vol.23, pp.1, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01102-6