Role of Postoperative Radiation Therapy in the Management of Cervical Cancer

자궁경부암에서 수술 후 방사선치료의 역할

  • Chun, Ha-Chung (Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Hanyang University Medical College) ;
  • Lee, Myung-Za (Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Hanyang University Medical College)
  • 전하정 (한양대학교 의과대학 치료방사선과학교실) ;
  • 이명자 (한양대학교 의과대학 치료방사선과학교실)
  • Published : 2004.12.01

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of postoperative radiation therapy in cervical cancer patients and define the prognostic factors to affect survival rates. Materials and Methods: Eighty one patients with cervical cancer who were treated with postoperative radiation therapy following surgery at our institution between May 1992 and April 2000 were retrospectivelv analyzed. Forty two patients had stage IB disease, 17 had stage IIA disease, and remaining 22 had stage IIB disease, respectively. Histological examination revealed 76 squamous cell carcinoma and 5 adenocarclnoma. Sixty one patients were noted to have stromal invasion greater than 8 mm and 20 patients were noted to have stromal invasion 7 mm or less. Sixteen patients had parametrial invasion and 65 patients did not. Positive vaginal resection margin was documented in only eight patients and positive lymphovascular invasion was in twelve patients. All of the patients were treated with external beam radiation therapy alone. Majority of the patients were treated with 4 field brick technique to encompass whole pelvis. Total of 5,500 cGy was delivered to the primary surgical tumor bed. Minimum follow up period was four years. Results: Actuarial disease free survival rates for entire group of the patients were 95% and 89% at 2 and 5 years, respectively Five year disease free survival rates for patients with stage IB, IIA, and IIB disease were 97%, 87% and 70%, respectivelv. Local recurrences were documented in 5 patients. Cumulative local failure rate at 3 years was 6% Five year disease free survival rates for patients with stromal invasion greater than 8 mm and 7 mm or less were 88% and 92%, respectively (p>0.05). Five year disease free survival rate for patients with parametrial invasion was significantly lower than those with no invasion (72% vs 92%, p<0.05). Also there was significantly lower survival in patients with positive vaginal resection margin, compared with patients with negative resection margin (64% vs 94%, p<0.05). However, lymphovascular invasion was not a statistically significant prognostic factor Parametrial invasion and positive surgical resection margins were noted to be significant prognostic factors. Conclusions: Postoperative radiation therapy appears to be beneficial in controlling local disease in cervical cancer patients with high pathologic risk factors. Parametrial invasion and positive resection margins were noted to be significant prognostic factors to affect survival and more effective treatment should be investigated in these patients.

목적: 자궁경부암 환자에서 수술 후 방사선치료의 효과를 평가하고 생존율에 영향을 미치는 예후인자를 알아보고자 함이 본 연구의 목적이다. 대상 및 방법: 1992년 5월부터 2000년 4월까지 본원에서 수술 후 방사선치료를 받은 81명의 자궁경부암 환자를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 42명은 IB 병기였고 IIA 병기는 17명, IIB 병기는 22명이었다. 조직학적 분류는 상피세포암이 76명, 선암이 5명이었다. 자궁기질내 침범은 7 mm 이하가 20명 8 mm 이상이 61명이었고, 자궁주위조직의 침범은 16명에서 발견되었다. 8명은 수술 절제연에 양성이었고 12명에서는 림프혈관강이 침범되었다. 모든 환자에서 외부 방사선만으로 치료하였으며 대부분의 환자에서 총 5,500 cGy를 원발부위에 조사하였다. 최소 추적기간은 4년이었다. 결과: 모든 대상 환자의 2년 및 5년 생존율은 95% 및 ,89%였으며, IB 병기, IIA 병기 및 IIB 병기의 5년 무병생존율은 각각 97%, 87% 및 70%였다. 5명에서 국소재발을 보였으며 국소재발률은 3년에 6%였다. 자궁기질내 침범에 따른 생존율은 의미있는 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 자궁주위 조직을 침범한 환자(72% vs 92%)와 수술 절제연에서 양성인 환자(64% vs 94%)에서는 5년 무병생존율이 감소하는 양상을 보였다. 그러나 림프혈관강의 침범은 생존율에서 의미있는 차이를 관찰할 수 없었다. 결론: 고위험인자를 가진 자궁경부암 환자에서 수술 후 방사선치료가 효과적인 것으로 생각되며 자궁주위조직의 침범 및 수술절제연의 침범이 의미있는 예후인자임을 알 수 있었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Russell A, Tong DY, Figge DC, Tamimi HK, Greer BE, Elder SJ. Adjuvant postoperative radiation therapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix: Pattern of cancer recurrence in patients undergoing elective radiation following radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1984;10:211-214 https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(84)90005-1
  2. Krebs HB, Helmkemp BF, Sevin BU. Recurrent cancer of the cervix following radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. Obstet Gynecol 1982;59:422-427
  3. Perez CA, Bedwinek JM, Breaux SR. Pattern of failure after treatment for gynecologic tumors. Cancer Treat Symp 1983;2:217-231
  4. Morgan S, Nelson JH. Surgical treatment of early cervical cancer. Semin Oncol 1982;9:312-332
  5. Tsai CS, Lai CH, Wang CC, et al. The prognostic factors for patients with early cervical cancer treated by radical hysterectomy and postoperative radiotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 1999;75:328-333 https://doi.org/10.1006/gyno.1999.5527
  6. Delgado G, Bundy B, Zaino R, Sevin BU, Creasman WT, Major F. Prospective surgical pathologic study of the disease free interval in patients with Stage IB squamous cell cancer of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 1990;38:352-357 https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-8258(90)90072-S
  7. Nelson JH, Macaset MA, Lu T, et al. The incidence and significance of para-aortic lymph node metastases in late invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1974; 118:749-756 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(74)90483-9
  8. Piver MS, Chung WS. Prognostic significance of cervical lesion size and pelvic lymph node metastasis in cervical cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1975;46:507-510
  9. Stitt JA. Use of postoperative irradiation for carcinoma of the cervix. Semn Radiat Oncol 1994;4:41-45 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4296(05)80109-2
  10. van Nagell JR, Donaldson ES, Wood EG, Parker JC. The significance of lymphocytic infiltration in invasive cervical cancer. Cancer 1978;41:228-234 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197801)41:1<228::AID-CNCR2820410131>3.0.CO;2-6
  11. Fuller AF, Elliot N, Kosloff C. Lymph node metastases from carcinoma of the cervix: Stages IB and IIA: Implications for prognosis and treatment. Gynecol Oncol 1982;13:165-170
  12. Morrow PC. Is pelvic irradiation beneficial in postoperative management of Stage IB squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix with pelvic lymph node metastases treated with radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy? Gynecol Oncol 1980; 10:105-110
  13. Wang CJ, Lai CH, Huang HJ, et al. Recurrent cervical carcinoma after primary radical surgery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;18:518-524
  14. Reny JC, Dimaio T, Fruchter RG, et al. Adjuvant radiation after radical hysterectomy in stage IB squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 1990;38:161-165 https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-8258(90)90033-H
  15. Furke TW, Hoskins WJ, Heller PB, Bibro MC, Weiser EB, Park RC. Prognostic factors associated with radical hysterectomy failure. Gynecol Oncol 1987;26:153-159 https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-8258(87)90268-X
  16. Himmelmann A, Holmberg G, Jansson I, Oden A, Skogsberg K. The effect of postoperative external radiotherapy on cervical carcinoma Stage IB and IIA. Gynecol Oncol 1985;22:73-84 https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-8258(85)90010-1
  17. Boyce JG, Fruchter RG, Nicastri AD. Prognostic factors in Stage I carcinoma of the cervix. Cancer 1984;53:1175-1180 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19840301)53:5<1175::AID-CNCR2820530524>3.0.CO;2-Y
  18. Gauthier P, Gore I, Shingleton HM, Soong SJ, Orr JW, Hatch KD. Identification of histopathologic risk groups in Stage IB cervical cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;66;569-574
  19. Dattoli MJ, Gretz HF, Beller U, et al. Analysis of multiple prognostic factors in patients with Stage IB cervical cancer: Age as a major determinant. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989;17:41-44 https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(89)90368-4
  20. Monk BJ, Cha DS, Walker JL, et al. Extent of disease as an indication for pelvic radiation following radical hysterectomy and bilateral lymph node dissection in the treatment of stage IB and IIA cervical carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 1994;54:4-9 https://doi.org/10.1006/gyno.1994.1157
  21. Stock RG, Chen AS, Flickinger JC, Kalnicki S, Seski J. Node positive cervical cancer: Impact of pelvic irradiation and patterns of failure. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995;31:31-36 https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(94)00391-W
  22. Sedlis A, Bundy BN, Rotman AZ, et al. A randomized trial of pelvic radiation therapy versus no further therapy in selected patients with stage IB carcinoma of the cervix after radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy: A Gynecologic Oncologic Group study. Gynecol Oncol 1999;73:177-183 https://doi.org/10.1006/gyno.1999.5387
  23. Lai CH, Hong JH, Hsueh S, et al. Preoperative prognostic variables and the impact of postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy on the outcomes of Stage IB or II cervical carcinoma patients: An analysis of 891 cases. Cancer 1999;85:1537-1546 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19990401)85:7<1537::AID-CNCR15>3.0.CO;2-6
  24. Gonzalez DG, Ketting BW, van Bunningen B, van Dijk JDP. Carcinoma of the uterine cervix Stage IB and IIA: Results of postoperative irradiation in patients with microscopic infiltration in the parametrium and/or lymph node metastasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989;16:389-395 https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(89)90335-0
  25. Atkovar G, Uzel O, Ozsahin M, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy in carcinoma of the cervix: treatment results and prognostic factors. Radiother Oncol 1995;35:198-205 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8140(95)01570-7