참고문헌
- 통계청. 사망원인통계연보. 통계청; 2001
- 한국중앙암등록본부.보건복지부.한국중앙암등록사업 연계보고서 (1999). 한국중앙암 등록본부.보건복지부;2001
- Parkin DM, Pisani P, Ferlay J. Estimates of the worldwide incidence of eighteen major cancers in 1985. Int J Cancer 1993; 54:594-606 https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910540413
- Miller BA, Kolonel LN, Bernstein L, Young Jr, Swanson GM, West D, Key CR, Liff JM, Glover CS, Alexander GA. Racial /Ethnic patterns of cancer in the United States. 1988-1992, National Cancer Institute. NIH Pub. No. 96-4104. Bethesda, MD, 1996. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/types/colon-and-rectal
- Spratt JS Jr, Ackermann LV. Small primary adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum. lAMA 1962; 179: 337-346
- Hill MJ, Morson BC, Bussey HJ. Aetiology of adenoma-carcinoma sequence in large bowel. Lancet 1978;1: 245-247
- Day DW. The adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Scand J Gastroenterol(Suppl). 1984;104: 99-107
- Vogelstein B, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, Kern SE. Preisinger AC. Leppert M. Nakamura Y. White R. Smits AM. Bos JL. Genetic alterations during colorectal tumor development. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 525-532
- Brahme F, Ekelund GR, Norden JG, Wenckert A. Metachoronous colorectal polyps: comparison of development of colorectal cancer polyps and carcinomas in persons with and without histories of polyps. Dis Colon Rectum 1974; 17: 166-171 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02588099
- Correa P, Strong JP, Rief A, Johnson WD. The epidemiology of colorectal polyps : Prevalence in New Orleans and international comparison. Cancer 1977;39: 2258-2264 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197705)39:5<2258::AID-CNCR2820390545>3.0.CO;2-S
- Bennett JC, Fred Plum. Cecil textbook of medicine;1996.p.722-723
- La Vecchia C, Negri E, Levi F, Decarli A. Boyle P. Cancer mortality in Europe: Effect of age, cohort of birth and period of death. Eur J Cancer 1998; 34: 118-141
- Potter JD. Editorials: Hormones and colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87: 1039-1040 https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/87.14.1039
- McMichael AJ. Potter JD. Reproduction, endogenous and exogenous sex hormones, and colon cancer: a reviewand hypothesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1980;65: 1201-1207
- Schoenberg BS, Greenberg RA, Eisenberg H. Occurrence of certain multiple primary cancers in females. J Natl Cancer Inst 1969;43 :15-32 https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/43.1.15
- Weiss NS, Dalling JR, Chow WH. Incidence of cancer of the large bowel in women in relation to reproductive and hormonal factors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1981; 67: 57-60
- Jacobs EJ. White E. Weiss NS. Exogenous hormones, reproductive history, and colon cancer. Cancer Causes & Control 1994;5: 359-366 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01804987
- Martinez ME, Grodstein F, Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Hennekens C, Rosner B, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ. A prospective study of reproductive factors, oral contraceptive use, and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev 1997;6: 1-5
- Grodstein F, Martinez ME, Platz EA, Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Kautzky M, Funchs C, Stampfer MJ. Postmenopausal hormone use and risk for colorectal cancer and adenoma. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128: 705-712 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-128-9-199805010-00001
- Jacobson JS. Reproductive risk factors for colorectal adenomatous polyps. Cancer Causes & Control 1995; 6: 513-518 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00054159
- Peipins LA, Newman B, Sandler RS. Reproductive history, use of exogenous hormones, and risk of colorectal adenomas. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev 1997; 6: 671-675
- Platz EA, Martinez ME, Grodstein F, Fuchs CS, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E. Parity and other reproductive factors and risk of adenomatous polyps of the distal colorectum(United States). Cancer Causes & Control 1997;8: 894-903 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018420513815
- O' brien MJ, Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Gottlieb LS, Sternberg SS, The National Polyp Study Workgroup. The national polyp study : Patient and polyp characteristics associated with high-grade dysplasiain colorectal adenoma. Gastroenterology. 1990; 98: 371-379
- Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Bain C, Lipnick R, Speizer FE, Rosner B, Cramer D, Hennekens CH. Cigarette smoking, relative weight, and menopause. Am J Epidemiol 1983;117:651-658 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113598
- Lee BW, Kim DH, Lee HJ, Whang DY, Ahn YO. The association of reproductive and menstrual factors and colon and rectal cancer risk in Korean women. Korean J Epidemiol 2002; 24:76-82(Korean)
- Franceschi S. Bidoli E. Talarnini R. Barra S. La Vecchia C. Colorectal cancer in northeast Italy: reproductive, menstrual and female hormone-related factors. Eur J Cancer 1991;27:604-608 https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-5379(91)90228-6
- Marcus PM. Newcomb PA. Young T. Storer BE. The association of reproductive and menstrual characteristics and colon and rectal cancer risk in Wisconsin women. Ann Epidemiol 1995; 5: 303-309
- McMichael AJ. Potter JD. Parityand death from coloncancerin women:a case-control study. Community Health Studies 1984; 8: 19-25
- Marcus PM, Newcomb PA, Young T, Storer BE. The association of reproductive and menstrual characteristics and colon and rectal cancer in Wiscosin women. Ann Epidemiol 1955; 5: 303-305 https://doi.org/10.1016/1047-2797(94)00097-D
- Troisi R, Schairer C, Chow W-H, Shatzkin A, BrintonLA, FraumeniJF Jr.A prospective study of menopausal hormones and risk of colorectal cancer(United States). Cancer Causes & Control 1997; 8: 130-138 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018455810238
- Furner SE, Davis FG, Nelson RL, Haenszel W. A case-control study of large bowel cancer and hormone exposure in women. Cancer Res 1989;49: 4936-4940
- Slattery ML, Potter JD, Sorenson AW. Age and risk factors for colon cancer (United States and Australia) : are there implications for understanding differences in case-control and cohort studies? Cancer Causes & Control 1994;5: 557-563
- Troisi R, Schairer C, Chow W-H, Shatzkin A, Brinton LA, Fraumeni JF Jr. Reproductive factors, oral contraceptive use, and risk of colorectal cancer. Epidemioloy 1997;8: 75-79 https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199701000-00012
- Poter JD, McMichael AJ. Large bowel cancer in relation to reproductive' and hormonal factors: a case-control study. J Natl Cacner Inst 1983;71: 703-709
- Kwa HG, Cleton F, Bulbrook RD, Wang DY, Hayward JL. Plasma prolactin levels and breast cancer; relation to parity, weight and height and age at first birth. Int J Cancer 1981; 28:31-34 https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910280106
- Sjogren HO. Overview: the application of immunology to the development of immunotherapeutic programs for patients with large bowel cancer. Cancer 1977; 40: 2710-2715 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197711)40:5+<2710::AID-CNCR2820400945>3.0.CO;2-9
- Goldfien A, Monroe SE, Ovaries. In: FS Greenspan, JD Baxter, editors. Basic and Clinical Ednocrinology. 4th edition. Norwalk, CT(USA): Appleton&Lange; 1994. p.419-470
- Hebert-Croteau, NA. A meta-analysis of hormone replacement therapy and colon cancer in women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998; 7: 653-659
- Kvale G, Heuch I. Is the incidence of colorectal cancerrelated to reproduction? A prospective study of 63,000 women. Int J Cancer1991; 47: 390-395 https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910470314
- La Vecchia C, Negri E, Fanceschi S, Parazzini F. Long term impact of reproductive factors on cancer risk. Int J Cancer 1993; 53: 215-219 https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910530207
- Bostick RM. Potter JD. Kushi LH. Sellers TA. Steinmetz KA. McKenzie DR. Gapstur SM. Folsom AR. Sugar, meat, and fat intake, and non-dietary risk factors for colon cancer incidence in Iowa women. Cancer Causes & Control 1994; 5: 38-52 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01830725
- Gerardsson de Verdier M. Reproductive factors, exogenous female hormones and colorectal cancer by subsite. Cancer Causes & Control 1992; 3: 355-360 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00146889
- Ghadirian P. Epidemiology of sociodemographic cahracteristics, lifestyle, medical history and colon cancer : A case-control study among French Canadians in Motreal. Cancer Dect& Prev1998; 22: 396-404 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1500.1998.00058.x
- Zhu BT, Conney AH. is 2-methoxyestradiol and endogenous estrogen metabolite that inhibits mammary carcinogenesis? Cancer Res 1998; 58:2269-2277
- Hill MH. Female sex hormones and colorectal cancer. EurJ Cancer Prev 1998; 7: 425-426 https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-199812000-00001
- Campagnoli C, Biglia N, Altare F, Lanza MG. Lesca L. Cantamessa C. Peris C. Fiorucci GC. Sismondi P. Differential effects of oral conjugated and transdermal estradiol on insulin-like growth factor I, growth hormone and sex hormone binding globulin serum levels. Gynecol Endocrinol 1993; 7: 251-258
- Singh S. Sex differences in the incidence of colorectal cancer: An exploration of oestrogen and progesteron receptors. Gut 1993; 34:611-615 https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.34.5.611
- Issa JP, Ottaviano YL, Celano P, Hamilton SR, Davidson NE, Baylin SB. Methylation of the estrogen receptor CpG island links ageing and neoplasia in human colon. Nature Genetics 1994; 7: 536-540 https://doi.org/10.1038/ng0894-536
- Slattery ML, PotterJD, Curtin K, Edwards S, Ma KN, Anderson K, Schaffer D, Samowitz WS. Estrogens reduce and withdrawal of estrogens increase risk of microsatellite instability-positive colon cancer. Cancer Res 2001 61;126-130
- Sandler RS, Lyles CM, Mcauliffe C, Woosley IT, Kupper LL. Cigarette smoking, Alcohol, and the risk of colorectal adenomas. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 1445-1451 https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(93)90354-F
- Fernandez E, La Vecchia C, Franceschi S, Braga C, Talamini R, NegriE, Parazzini F. Oral contraceptive use and risk of colorectal cancer. Epidemiology 1998; 9: 295-300 https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199805000-00014
- 대한병리학회. 병리학. 고문사; 2000, (631쪽)
- Muto T, Nagawa H, Watanabe T, Masaki T, Sawada T. Colorectal carcinogenesis. Dis Colon Rectum 1997; 40(Suppl): S80-S85 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02062026
- Bufill JA. Colorectal cancer: evidence for distinct genetic categories based on proximal or distal tumor location(review). Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 779-788 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-113-10-779
- Peter RK, Pike MC, Chang WWL, Mack TM. Reproductive factors and colon cancer. Br J Cancer 1990; 61:741-748 https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1990.166