Journal of Microbiology

The Microbiological Society of Korea (한국미생물학회)
권호 표지

Investigation of Waterborne Parasites in Drinking Water Sources of Ankara, Turkey

  • Bilal Bakir (Department of Public Health, Gulhane Military Medical Academy) ;
  • Mehmet Tanyuksel (Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Gulhane Military Medical Academy) ;
  • Fatma Saylam (Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Gulhane Military Medical Academy) ;
  • Sultan Tanriverdi (Department of Parasitology, Mustafa Kemal University, Department of Infectious Disease, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine) ;
  • R. engin Araz (Department of Public Health, Gulhane Military Medical Academy) ;
  • Hacim, Ali-Kasim (Department of Public Health, Gulhane Military Medical Academy) ;
  • Metin Hasde (Department of Public Health, Gulhane Military Medical Academy)
  • Published : 2003.06.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Waterborne parasite infections are considered a reemerging threat. Most studies on the epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and amebiasis have been carried out in developed countries, and there is little data on the occurrence of these infections in other areas. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of waterborne parasites such as Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica in various water samples in Ankara, turkey. A total of 85 samples were examined, 43 from the municipal water supply, 34 from wells, 6 from the Ankara River, and 2 from two untreated dams; by conventional microscopy, immunologically and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Oocysts of C. parvum and cysts of G. lamblia were detected by using an indirect fluorescence (antigen) assay, whereas an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the cysts of E. histolytica and E. dispar. In addition, PCR was used for E. histolytica, E. dispar, C. parvum and G. lamblia detection. G. lamblia was found in 2 of the 34 well water samples, and parasites were found in 3 of the 6 Ankara River samples. The 1$\^$st/ contained E. histolytica cysts and Strongyloides stercoralis larvae. the 2$\^$nd/ E. histolytica cysts, and Trichuris trichiura eggs, and the 3$\^$rd/ C. parvum oocysts only. No parasite was observed in the municipal water samples and untreated dam water samples. These results extend our knowledge on waterborne parasites, such occurrence information on waterborne pathogens assists the management and treatment of municipal water.

Keywords

References

  1. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. v.25 Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in diarrhoeic calves in Kars Province, Turkey Arslan,M.O.;Y.Gicik;H.M.Erdogan;B.Sari
  2. Abstr. $48^ {th}$ Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. Outbreak of amebiasis in Tblisi, Republic of Georgia Barwick,R.S.;A.Uzicanin;S.M.Lareau;N.Malakmadze;R.Imnadze;M.Iosava;N.Ninasvili;M.Wilson;H.Bishop;A.Hightower;W.A.Petri,Jr.;D.D.Juranek
  3. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. v.62 Identification of genetic heterogenicity in the Cryptodporidium parvum ribosomal repeat Carraway,M.;S.Tzipori;G.Widmer
  4. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. v.49 Ribosomal RNA genes of 'pathogenic' and 'nonpathogenic' Entamoeba histolytica are distinct Clark,C.G.;L.S.Diamond https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-6851(91)90073-F
  5. Arch. Med. Res. v.23 Differentiation of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica from other intestinal protoszoa by riboprinting Clark,C.G.;L.S.Diamond
  6. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. v.92 Building a better protozoa data set Connell,K.;C.C.Rodgers;H.L.Shank-Givens;J.Sheller;M.L.Pope;K.Miller
  7. Parasitology v.117 Emerging pathogenes: Isospora, Cyclospora, and Microsporidia Curry,A.;H.V.Smith https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182099004904
  8. Ann. Intern. Med. v.120 Cryptosporidium parvum: household transmission Current,W.L. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-120-6-199403150-00012
  9. Med. Science Monitor v.8 no.12 Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum infection with different techniques in childhood Doganci,T.;E.Araz;A.Ensari;M.Tanyuksel;L.Doganci
  10. Lancet v.350 Overdiagnosis of intestinal amoebosis in Turkey Doganci,L.;M.Tanyuksel;H.Gun
  11. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. v.88 Environmental method for Cryptosporidium Jacubowski,W.;S.Boutros;W.Faber;R.Fayer;W.Ghiorse;M.LeChevalier;J.B.Rose;S.Sauch;A.Singh;M.H.Stewart
  12. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. v.68 Effects of pH and magnetic material on immunomagentic separation of Cryptosporidium oocysts from concentrated water samples Kuhn,R.C.;C.M.Rock;K.H.Oshima https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.4.2066-2070.2002
  13. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. v.61 Evaluation of the immunofluoresence procedure for detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in water LeChevallier,M.W.;W.D.Norton;J.E.Siegel;M.Abbaszadegan
  14. J. Med. Microbiol. v.49 Detection and speciation of Cryptosporidium spp. in environmental water samples by immunomagnetic separation, PCR and endonuclease restriction Lowery,C.J.;J.E.Moore;B.C.Millar;D.P.Burke;K.A.McCorry;E.Crothers;J.S.G.Dooley
  15. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. v.10 Waterborne protozoan pathogens Marshall,M.M.;D.Naumovitz;Y.Ortega;C.R.Sterling
  16. Epidemiology v.9 Did Milwaukee experience waterborne cryptosporidiosis before the large documented outbreak in 1993 Morris,R.D.;E.N.Naumova;J.K.Griffiths https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199805000-00009
  17. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. v.61 Comparison of two methods for detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in water Nieminski,E.C.;F.W.Schaffer;J.E.Ongerth
  18. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. v.53 Identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts in river water Ongerth,J.E.;H.H.Stibbs
  19. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. v.67 Contamination of river water by Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in western Japan Ono,K.;H.Tsuji;S.K.Rai;A.Yamamoto;K.Masuda;T.Endo;H.Hotta;T,Kawamura;S.Uga https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.67.9.3832-3836.2001
  20. Clin. Infect. Dis. v.26 Giardia lamblia groups A and B among young adults in India Paintlia,A.S.;S.Descoteaux;B.Spencer;A.Chakraborti;N.K.Ganguly;R.C.Mahajan;J.Samuelson https://doi.org/10.1086/517059
  21. J. Pediatr. v.104 Occurrence of Giardia lamblia in children in day care centers Pickering,L.K.;W.E.Woodward;H.I.DuPont;P.Sullivan https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(84)80540-5
  22. Lancet v.344 Cyclospora outbreak associated with chlorinated drinking water Rabold,J.G.;C.W.Hoge;D.R.Shim https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90716-1
  23. J. Microbiol. Mfethods v.50 An IC-PCR method for detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in natural surface waters in Finland Rimhanen-Finen,R.;A.H$\ "{o}$rman;P.Ronkainen;M.L.H$\ "{a}$nninen https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7012(02)00047-7
  24. Environ. Sci. Technol. v.25 Survey of potable water supplies for Cryptosporidium and Giardia Rose,J.B.;C.P.Gerba;W.Jakubowski https://doi.org/10.1021/es00020a005
  25. Scand. J. Public. Health v.29 Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in raw waters in Norway Robertson,L.J.;B.Gjerde
  26. J. Clin. Microbiol. v.27 DNA probe for clinical diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica Samuelson,J.S.;R.Acuno-Sato;S.Reed;F.Biagi;D.Wirth
  27. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. v.62 Detection of a single viable Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst in environmental water concentrates by reverse transcription-PCR Stinear,T.;A.Matusan;K.Hines;M.Sandery
  28. Emerging Infections v.5 Amebiasis, an Emerging Disease Tanyuksel,M.;H.Tachibana;W.A.Petri,Jr.;W.M.Scheld(ed.);W.A.Craig(ed.);J.M.Hughes(ed.)
  29. J. Clin. Microbiol. v.40 Detection and genotyping of oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum by Real-Time PCR and melting curve analysis Tanriverdi,S.;A.Tanyeli;F.Baslamisli;F.Koksal;Y.Kilinc;F.Xiaochuan;G.Batzer;S.Tzipori;G.Widmer https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.40.9.3237-3244.2002
  30. TSE-TS 266. Waters-Drinking waters Turkish Standardization Institute
  31. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. v.62 Prevalence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts and characterization of Giardia spp. Isolated from drinking water in Canada Wallis,P.M.;S.L.Erlandsen;J.L.Isaac-Renton;M.E.Olson;W.J.Robertson;H.van Keulen
  32. Guidelines for Drinking-water quality(2nd ed.) v.2 World Health Organization