Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Flow of Soluble Non-ammonia Nitrogen in the Liquid Phase of Digesta Entering the Omasum of Dairy Cows Given Grass Silage Based Diets

  • Choi, C.W. (Animal Production Research, MTT Agrifood Research Finland) ;
  • Choi, C.B. (Department of Animal Science, Yeungnam University)
  • Received : 2003.03.25
  • Accepted : 2003.05.30
  • Published : 2003.10.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to quantify the flow of soluble non-ammonia nitrogen (SNAN) in the liquid phase of ruminal (RD) and omasal digesta (OD), and to investigate diurnal pattern in SNAN flow in OD. Five ruminally cannulated Finnish-Ayrshire dairy cows in a $5{\times}5$ Latin square design consumed a basal diet of grass silage and barley grain, and that supplemented with four protein feeds (kg/d DM basis) as follows: skimmed milk powder (2.1), wet distiller' solubles (3.0), untreated rapeseed meal (2.1) and treated rapeseed meal (2.1). Ruminal digesta was sampled using a vacuum pump, whereas OD was collected using an omasal sampling system at 1.0 h interval during a 12 h feeding cycle. Both RD and OD were acidified, centrifuged to remove microbes and precipitated with trichloroacetic acid followed by centrifugation. The SNAN fractions (free amino acid (AA), peptide and soluble protein) in RD and OD were assessed using ninhydrin assay. Free AA, peptide and soluble protein averaged 60.0, 89.4 and 2.1 g/d, respectively, for RD, and 81.8, 121.5 and 2.5 g/d, respectively, for OD. Although free AA flow was relatively high, mean peptide flow was quantitatively the most important fraction of SNAN, indicating that degradation of peptide to AA rather than hydrolysis of soluble protein to peptide or deamination may be the most limiting step in rumen proteolysis. Diurnal pattern in flow of peptide including free AA in OD during a 12 h feeding cycle peaked 1 h post-feeding, decreased by 3 h post-feeding and was relatively constant thereafter. Protein supplementation showed higher flow of peptide including free AA immediately after feeding compared with no supplemented diet. There were no differences among protein supplements in diurnal pattern in flow of peptide including free AA in OD.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahvenjärvi, S., A. Vanhatalo, P. Huhtanen and T. Varvikko. 1999. Effects of supplementation of a grass silage and barley diet with urea, rapeseed meal and heat-moisture-treated rapeseed cake on omasal digesta flow and milk production in lactating dairy cows. Acta Agric. Scand., Sect. A, Animal Sci. 49:179-189.
  2. Ahvenjärvi, S., A. Vanhatalo, P. Huhtanen and T. Varvikko. 2000. Determination of reticulo-rumen and whole-stomach digestion in lactating cows by omasal canal or duodenal sampling. Br. J. Nutr. 83:67-77.
  3. Barker, S. B. and W. H. Summerson. 1941. The colorimetric determination of lactic acid in biological material. J. Biol. Chem. 138:535-554.
  4. Broderick, G. A. and R. J. Wallace. 1988. Effects of dietary nitrogen source on concentrations of ammonia, free amino acids and fluorescamine-reactive peptides in the sheep rumen. J. Anim. Sci. 66:2233-2238.
  5. Chen, G., C. J. Sniffen and J. B. Russell. 1987a. Concentration and estimated flow of peptides from the rumen of dairy cattle: Effects of protein quantity, protein solubility, and feeding frequency. J. Dairy Sci. 70:983-992.
  6. Chen, G., H. J. Strobel, J. B. Russell and C. J. Sniffen. 1987b. Effect of hydrophobicity on utilization of peptides by ruminal bacteria in vitro. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:2021-2025.
  7. Chen, G., J. B. Russell and C. J. Sniffen. 1987c. A procedure for measuring peptides in rumen fluid and evidence that peptide uptake can be a rate-limiting step in ruminal protein degradation. J. Dairy Sci. 70:1211-1219.
  8. Choi, C. W., S. Ahvenjärvi, A. Vanhatalo, V. Toivonen and P. Huhtanen. 2000. Flow of soluble dietary non-ammonia nitrogen into the omasum of lactating cows fed restrictively fermented silage. In: Proceedings of the Maatlaoustieteen Paivat 2000, University of Helsinki, Viikki, Finland, pp. 157-160.
  9. Choi, C. W., S. Ahvenjärvi, A. Vanhatalo, V. Toivonen and P. Huhtanen. 2002. Quantitation of the flow of soluble nonammonia nitrogen entering the omasal canal of dairy cows fed grass silage based diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 96:203-220.
  10. Huhtanen, P. J., R. Blauwiekel and I. Saastamoinen. 1998. Effects of intraruminal infusions of propionate and butyrate with two different protein supplements on milk production and blood metabolites in dairy cows receiving grass silage-based diet. J. Sci. Food Agric. 77:213-222.
  11. Huhtanen, P., P. G. Brotz and L. D. Satter. 1997. Omasal sampling technique for assessing fermentative digestion in the forestomach of dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 75:1380-1392.
  12. Khorasani, G. R., P. H. Robinson and J. J. Kennelly. 1993. Effects of canola meal treated with acetic acid on rumen degradation and intestinal digestibility in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:1607-1616.
  13. Littell, R. C., P. R. Henry and C. B. Ammerman. 1998. Statistical analysis of repeated measures data using SAS procedures. J. Anim. Sci. 76:1216-1231.
  14. McCullough, H. 1967. The determination of ammonia in whole blood by a direct colorimetric method. Clin. Chim. Acta. 17:297-304.
  15. Mwenya, B., C. Wollny, M. Blummei, J. Banda and J. Takahashi. 2003. A comparative study on digestive paranete in an indigenous fat-tailed and a conventional dorper sheep fed on maize stover crop residue. Asain-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 16:529-533.
  16. Nolan, J. V. 1993. Nitrogen kinetics. In: Quantitative Aspects of Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism. (Ed. J. M. Forbes and J. France). CAB International Wallingford, Oxon, UK, pp. 123-143.
  17. Nsereko, V. L., J. A. Rooke, C. J. Newbold and R. J. Wallace. 1998. Influence of protease inhibitors on nitrogen distribution in ensiled perennial ryegrass and utilisation of silage nitrogen for growth by rumen bacteria in vitro. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 76:51-63.
  18. Pittman, K. A., S. Lakshmanan and M. P. Bryant. 1967. Oligopeptide uptake by Bacteroides ruminicola. J. Bacteriol. 93:1499-1508.
  19. Robinson, P. H. and R. E. McQueen. 1994. Influence of supplemental protein source and feeding frequency on rumen fermentation and performance in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 77:1340-1353.
  20. Robinson, P. H., D. M. Veira and M. Ivan. 1998. Influence of supplemental protein quality on rumen fermentation, rumen microbial yield, forestomach digestion, and intestinal amino acid flow in late lactation Holstein cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 78:95-105.
  21. Russell, J. B., C. J. Sniffen and P. J. Van Soest. 1983. Effect of carbohydrate limitation on degration and utilization of casein by mixed rumen bacteria. J. Dairy Sci. 66:763-775.
  22. Russell, J. B., R. Onodera and T. Hino. 1991. Ruminal protein fermentation: new perspectives on previous contradictions. In: (Ed. T. Tsuda, Y. Sasaki and R. Kawashima). Physiological Aspects of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminants. Academic Press, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 681-697.
  23. Somogyi, M. 1945. A new reagent for the determination of sugars. J. Biol. Chem. 160:61-68.
  24. Tamminga, S. 1979. Protein degradation in the forestomachs of ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 49:1615-1630.
  25. Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3583-3597.
  26. Van Straalen, W. M. and S. Tamminga. 1990. Protein degradation of ruminant diets. In: Feedstuff Evaluation. 1. Livestock. Feedingstuffs. Composition. (Ed. J. Wiseman and D. J. A. Cole). Butterworths, London, UK, pp. 55-72.
  27. Williams, C. H., D. David and O. Riismaa. 1962. The determination of chromic oxide in faeces samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 59:381-385.
  28. Wright, D. E. and R. E. Hungate. 1967. Amino acid concentration in rumen fluid. Appl. Microbiol. 15:148-151.

Cited by

  1. Effects of Level and Degradability of Dietary Protein on Ruminal Fermentation and Concentrations of Soluble Non-ammonia Nitrogen in Ruminal and Omasal Digesta of Hanwoo Steers vol.21, pp.3, 2003, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2008.70342