Postoperative Radiation Therapy for Chest Wall Invading pT3N0 Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Elective Lymphatic Irradiation May Not Be Necessary

흉벽을 침범한 pT3N0 비소세포폐암 환자에서 수술 후 방사선치료

  • Park, Young-Je (Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Ahn, Yong-Chan (Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center) ;
  • Lim, Do-Hoon (Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Park, Won (Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Kwan-Min (Department of Thoracic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Jhingook (Department of Thoracic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Shim, Young-Mog (Department of Thoracic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Kyoung-Ju (Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Jeung-Eun (Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Kang, Min-Kyu (Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Nam, Hee-Rim (Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Huh, Seung-Jae (Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine)
  • 박영제 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성서울병원 방사선종양학과) ;
  • 안용찬 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성서울병원 방사선종양학과) ;
  • 임도훈 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성서울병원 방사선종양학과) ;
  • 박원 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성서울병원 방사선종양학과) ;
  • 김관민 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성서울병원 흉부외과) ;
  • 김진국 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성서울병원 흉부외과) ;
  • 심영목 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성서울병원 흉부외과) ;
  • 김경주 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성서울병원 방사선종양학과) ;
  • 이정은 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성서울병원 방사선종양학과) ;
  • 강민규 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성서울병원 방사선종양학과) ;
  • 남희림 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성서울병원 방사선종양학과) ;
  • 허승재 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성서울병원 방사선종양학과)
  • Published : 2003.12.01

Abstract

Purpose: No general consensus has been reached regarding the necessity of postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) and the optimal techniques of its application for patients with chest wall invasion (pT3cw) and node negative (NO) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We retrospectively analyzed the PT3cwN0 NSCLC patients who received PORT because of presumed inadequate resection margin on surgical findings. Materials and Methods: From Aug. 1994 till June 2000, 21 pT3cwN0 NSCLC patients received PORT at Samsung Medical Center; all of whom underwent curative on-bloc resection of the primary tumor plus the chest wall and regional lymph node dissection. PORT was typically stalled 3 to 4 weeks after operation using 6 or 10 MV X-rays from a linear accelerator. The radiation target volume was confined to the tumor bed plus the immediate adjacent tissue, and no regional lymphatics were included. The planned radiation dose was 54 Gy by conventional fractionation schedule. The survival rates were calculated and the failure patterns analyzed. Results: Overall survival, disease-free survival, loco-regional recurrence-free survival, and distant metastases-free survival rates at 5 years were 38.8$\%$, 45.5$\%$, 90.2$\%$, and 48.1$\%$, respectively. Eleven patients experienced treatment failure: six with distant metastases, three with intra-thoracic failures, and two with combined distant and intra-thoracic failures. Among the five patients with intra-thoracic failures, two had pleural seeding, two had in-field local failures, and only one had regional lymphatic failure in the mediastinum. No patients suffered from acute and late radiation side effects of RTOG grade 3 or higher. Conclusion: The strategy of adding PORT to surgery to improve the probability, not only of local control but also of survival, was justified, considering that local control was the most important component in the successful treatment of pT3cw NSCLC patients, especially when the resection margin was not adequate. The incidence and the severity of the acute and late side effects of PORT were markedly reduced, which contributed to improving the patients' qualify of life both during and after PORT, without increasing the risk of regional failures by eliminating the regional lymphatics from the radiation target volume.

목적: 흉벽을 침범한 PT3N0 비소세포폐암 환자에서 수술 후 방사선치료를 추가하는 것이 필요한지의 여부와 적절한 방사선치료의 조사영역에 관해서는 아직 정립된 이론이 없다. 본 연구에서는 종양으로부터 수술 절제연까지 충분한 여유를 얻기가 힘들었던 소견으로 방사선치료를 추가한 흉벽침범 pT3N0 비소세포폐암 환자들에 대한 후향적 분석을 수행하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1994년 8월부터 2002년 6월까지 성균관의대 삼성서울병원에서 흉벽침범 pT3N0 비소세포폐암으로 수술 후 방사선치료를 추가한 환자는 모두 21명이었다. 모든 환자들은 근치적 폐절제술과 흉벽절제술과 함께 동측 폐문 및 종격동 림프절 곽청술을 시행받았다. 방사선치료는 수술 3$\~$4주 후에 시작하여 선택적 림프절 방사선조사를 고려하지 않고 원발종양에 의해 침범된 흉벽과 그 주변 조직에만 국한하여 최소 54 Gy를 조사하도록 예정하였다(1회선량 1.8$\~$2.0 Gy, 주 5회 치료). 환자들의 생존율과 재발양상을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 결과: 전체 환자의 5년 생존율, 무병생존율, 국소종양억제율, 무원격전이 생존율은 각각 38.8$\%$, 45.5$\%$, 90.2$\%$, 48.1$\%$였다. 모두 11명의 환자에서 치료실패를 경험하였는데, 원격전이가 6명, 흉곽내재발이 3명, 원격전이와 흉곽내재발의 동시재발이 2명이었다. 흉곽내재발 환자 5명 중 방사선치료 조사영역 내에서의 국소재발은 2명, 늑막파종이 2명, 종격동 림프절 재발이 1명이었다. 방사선치료와 관련되는 RTOG 3등급 이상의 급성 및 만성 부작용은 없었다. 결론: 흉벽침범 pT3 비소세포폐암의 치료성공에 있어 가장 중요한 요소는 완전절제를 통한 국소제어인바, 수술 소견상 충분한 여유 절제연의 확보가 불가능한 경우 수술 후 방사선치료를 추가하여 국소제어율을 높이도록 도모하는 것은 충분한 당위성을 갖는다. 또 방사선치료 조사영역의 결정에 있어서도 선택적 림프절 방사선조사를 배제함으로써 영역림프절 재발의 과도한 위험부담 없이도 급성 및 만성 부작용의 위험을 현저히 감소시켜 환자의 삶의 질을 향상시킬 수 있었다.

Keywords

References

  1. ColemanFP. Primary carcinoma of lung with invasion of ribs: pneumonectomy and simultaneous block resection of chest wall. Ann Surg 1947;126:156-158 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-194708000-00003
  2. Grillo HC, Greenberg JJ, Wilkins EW Jr. Resection of bronchogenic carcinoma involving thoracic wall. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1966;51:417-421
  3. Piehler JM, Pairolero PC, Weiland LH, Offord KP, Payne WS, Bernatz PE.Bronchogeniccarcinomawithchestwallinvasion: factors affecting survival following en bloc resection. Ann Thorac Surg 1982;34:684-691 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(10)60909-5
  4. McCaughanBC,MartiniN,BainsMS,McCormack PM. Chestwall invasionincarcinomaofthelung:therapeutic and prognostic implications. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985;89: 836-841
  5. Downey RJ, MartiniN,RuschVW,BainsM,KorstRJ,GinsbergRJ. Extent of chest wall invasion and survival in patients with lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;68:188-193 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(99)00456-7
  6. PaoneJF,Spees EK, NewtonGG,etal. Anappraisalofenbloc resection of peripheral bronchogeniccarcinomainvol ving the thoracic wall. Chest 1982;81:203
  7. AllenMS,MathisenDJ,GrilloHC,WainJC,MoncureAC,Hilgenberg AD. Bronchogenic carcinoma with chest wall invasion. Ann Thorac Surg 1991;51:948-951 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(91)91011-J
  8. PattersonGA,IlvesR,GinsbergRJ,Cooper JD, ToddTRJ,Pearson FG. The value of adjuvant radiotherapy in pulmonary and chestwallresectionforbronchogeniccarcinoma.AnnThorac Surg1982;34:692-697 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(10)60911-3
  9. Pitz CC, Brutel de la Riviere A, Westermann C, et al. Surgical treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer and chest wall involvement. Thorax 1996;51:846-850 https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.51.8.846
  10. RattoGB,PiacenzaG,MunsanteF,etal. Chestwallinvolvement by lungcancer invadingthe chestwall:resultsandprognostic factors. Ann Thorac Surg 1991;51:182-188 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(91)90778-O
  11. MagdeleinatP,Alifano M, Benbrahem C , e t a l . Surgicaltreatment oflungcancerinvadingthechestwall: resultsand prognostic factors. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;71:1094-1099 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(00)02666-7
  12. Facciolo F,Cardillo G,LopergoloM,PalloneG,Sera F, MartelliM. Chest wall invasion in non-small cell lung carcinoma: a rationale for en bloc resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;121:649-656 https://doi.org/10.1067/mtc.2001.112826
  13. Riquet M, Lang-lazdunski L, Pimpec-barthes F, et al. Characteristics and prognosis of resected T3 non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2002;73:253-258 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(01)03264-7
  14. Trastek VF, Pairolero PC, Piehler JM, Weiland LH, O'Brien PC, PayneWS,BernatzPE. En bloc(non-chestwall)resectionfor bronchogeniccarcinoma withparietalfixation.J ThoracSurg 1984;87:352-358
  15. AlbertucciM,DeMeesterTR,RothbergM,HagenJA,SantoscoyR, Smyrk TC. Surgery and the management of peripheral lung tumors adherent to the parietal pleura. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992;103:8-13
  16. Elia S, Griffo S, Gentile M, Costabile R, Ferrante G. Surgical treatment oflungcancerinvadingchestwall:aretrospective analysis of 110 patients. Eur J Cardio-thorac Surg 2001;20:356-360 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-7940(01)00735-7
  17. Akay H, Cangir AK, Kutlay H, et al. Surgical treatment of peripheral lung cancer adherent to the parietal pleura. Eur J Cardio-thorac Surg 2002;22:615-620 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-7940(02)00408-6
  18. GouldPM,Bonner JA, SawyerTE,DeschampsC,LangeCM,LiH. Patterns of failure and overall survival in patterns with completely resected T3N0M0 non-small celllungcancer.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999;45:91-95 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3016(99)00148-0
  19. LeeHJ,LeeHS,HurWJ,LeeKN,ChoiPJ. The prognosticeffect of subpleural lesions in early stage non-small cell lung cancerpreliminary report. J Korean Soc Ther Radio Oncol 1998;16:425-430