References
- Parr GR, Gardner LK, Toth RW. Titanium: the mystery metal of implant dentistry. Dental materials aspects. J Prosthet Dent 1985;54:410-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(85)90562-1
- Blackman R, Barghi N, Tran C. Dimensional changes in casting titanium removable partial denture framework. J Prosthet Dent 1991;65:309-15 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(91)90181-U
- Hruska AR, Borelli P. Quality criteria for pure titanium casting, laboratory soldering, intraoral welding, and a device to aid in making uncontaminated castings. J Prosthet Dent 1991;66:561-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(91)90524-Z
- Wang RR, Boyle AM. A simple method for inspection of porosity in titanium castings. J Prosthet Dent 1993;70:275-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(93)90065-V
- Reclaru L, Meyer J-M. Study of corrosion between a titanium implant and dental alloys. J Dent 1994;22:159-68 https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-5712(94)90200-3
- Andersson M, Bergman B, Bessing C, Ericson E, Lundquist P and Nilson H. Clinical results with titanium crowns fabricated with machine duplication and spark erosion. Acta Odont Scand 1989;47:279-86 https://doi.org/10.3109/00016358909007713
- Christer B, Maud B. The castability of unalloyed titanium in three different casting machines. Swed Dent J 1992;16:109-13
- Mori T. Titanium: A review of investments for high temperature casting. Aust Prosthodont J 1993;7:31-4
- Watanabe I, Watkins JH, Nakajima H, Atsuta M, Okabe T. Effect of pressure difference on the quality of titanium casting. J Dent Res 1997;3:773-9
- Her H, Syverud M, Waarli M. Mold filling and porosity in casting of titanium. Dent Mater 1993;9:15-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0109-5641(93)90098-B
- Syverud M, Her H. Mold filling of Ti castings using investments with different gas permeability. Dent Mater 1995;11:14-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0109-5641(95)80003-4
- Sunnerkrantz PA, Syverud M, Her H. Effect of casting atmosphere on the quality of Ti-crowns. Scand J Dent Res 1990;98:268-72
- Her H, Syverud M, Waarli M, Jorgensen RB. Casting of dental titanium crowns: surface reactions and dimensional fit. In: Proceedings of the 1990 International Conference on Titanium. Products and Applications. Vol. II . Dayton, Ohio: Titanium Development Association;1990.p.612-2
- Mori T, Jean-Louis M, Yabugami M, Togaya T. The effect of investment type on the fit of cast titanium crowns. Aust Dent J 1994;39:348-52 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.1994.tb03104.x
- Chai TI, Stein RS. Porosity and accuracy of multiple-unit titanium castings. J Prosthet Dent 1995;73:534-41 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3913(05)80112-X
- Chan D, Guillory V, Blackman R, Chung KH. The effects of sprue design on the roughness and porosity of titanium castings. J Prosthet Dent 1997;78: 400-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3913(97)70048-9
- Al-Mesmar HS, Morgano SM, Mark LE. Investigation of the effect of three sprue designs on the porosity and the completeness of titanium cast removable partial denture frameworks. J Prosthet Dent 1999;82:15-21 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3913(99)70126-5
- D.C.N. Chan, R. Blackman, D.A. Kaiser, K. Chung. The effect of sprue design on the marginal accuracy of titanium castings. J Oral Rehabili 1998;25:424-9
- Preston JD, Berger R. Some laboratory variables affecting ceramo-metal alloys. Dent Clin North Am 1977;21:717-28
- Vidovic Y, Chung HG, Mori T. Enhancement of a titanium denture frame model: mold temperature and spruing factors. Dent Mater J 1995;14:256-62 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.14.256
- Kusakari H, Ozaki Y, Hoshino H. Cast titanium crown-for a better fitness and less porosity [in Japanese]. Quintessence Dent Technol 1998;23:17-23.
- Ryge G, Kozak SF, Fairhurst CW. Porosities in dental gold castings. J Am Dent Assoc 1957;54:746-54 https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1957.0125
- Brockhurst PJ, McLaverty VG, Kasloff Z. A castability standard for alloys used in restorative dentistry. Oper Dent 1983;8:130-9
- Waterstratt, RM. Comments on casting of Ti-13Cu-4.5Ni alloy. Publication No. (NIH)77-1227, DHEW:224-33
- Greener EH, Moser JB, Opp J, Szurgot K, Marker BC. Properties of dental castability of Ti and Ti-6Al-4V [abstract 1190]. J Dent Res 1986;65(special issue):301.
- Watanabe K, Okawa S, Miyakawa O, Nakano S, Shiokawa N, Kobayashi M. Molten Titanium flow in a mesh cavity by the flow visualization technique. Dent Mater J 1991;10:128-37 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.10.128
- Eugene PL, Peter M. Titanium and titanium alloys as dental materials. Int Dent J 1993;43:245-53
- Shanley JJ, Ancowitz SJ, Fenster RK, Pelleu GB Jr. A comparative study of the centrifugal and vaccum-pressure techniques of casting removable partial denture frameworks. J Prosthet Dent 1981;45:18-23 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(81)90006-8
- Taira M and Moser JB. Studies of Ti alloys for dental castings. Dent Mater 1989;5:45-50 https://doi.org/10.1016/0109-5641(89)90093-6
- Miyakawa O, Watanabe K, Okawa S. Layered structure of cast titanium surface. Dent Mater J 1989;8:175-85 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.8.175
- Takahashi J, Kimura H, Lautenschlager EP, Lin JH, Moser JB, Greener EH. Casting pure titanium into commercial phosphate bonded SiO2 investment molds. J Dent Res 1990;69:1800-5 https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345900690120301
- Oda Y, Kudoh Y, Kawada E, Yoshinari M, Hasegawa K. Surface reaction between titanium castings and investments. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll 1996;37:129-36
- Compagni R, Faucher RR, Yuodelis RA. Effects of sprue design, casting machine, and heat source on casting porosity. J Prosthet Dent 1984;52:41-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(84)90179-3
- Love LD. Sprue design to minimize casting defects in base-metal castings. Quintessence Dent Technol 1987;1l:195-7
- Martin KA, Manderson RD. The influence of sprue design on cobalt chromium alloy casting defects. J Dent 1984;12:175-82 https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-5712(84)90052-6
- Verrett RG, Duke ES. The effect of sprue attachment design on castability and porosity. J Prosthet Dent 1989;61:418-24 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(89)90006-1
- Martignoni M, Sch nenberger A. Precision Fixed Prosthodontics: Clinical and Laboratory Aspects. Chicago (IL) : Quintessence; 1990.p.292-307
- Wight TA, Grisius RJ, Gaugler RW. Evaluation of three variables affecting the casting of base metal alloys. J Prosthet Dent 1980;43:415-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(80)90212-7
- Flemings MC. Solidification Processing. McGraw-Hill (NY): 1974.p.221
- Barreto MT, Goldberg AJ, Nitkin DA, Mumford G. Effect of investment of casting high-fusing alloys. J Prosthet Dent 1980;44:504-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(80)90068-2
- Vincent PF, Stevens L, Basford KE. A comparison of the casting ability of precious and nonprecious alloys for porcelain veneering. J Prosthet Dent 1977;37: 527-36 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(77)90167-6
- Howard WS, Newman SM, Nunez LJ. Castability of low gold content alloys. J Dent Res 1980;59:824-30 https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345800590051301
- DeWald E. The relationship of pattern position to the flow of gold and casting completeness. J Prosthet Dent 1979;41:531-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(79)90087-8
- Thomson DH. A study of the effect on an increased mold temperature on the casting ability of some nonprecious alloys for porcelain veneers. J Prosthet Dent 1982;48:52-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(82)90047-6
- Nitkin DA, Asgar K. Evaluation of alternative alloys to type ill gold for use in fixed prosthodontics. J Am Dent Assoc 1976;93:622-9 https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1976.0192
- Myers GW, Cruickshanks-Boyd DW. Mechanical properties and casting characteristics of a silver-palladium bonding alloy. Br Dent J 1982;153:523-6
- Bessing C. Evaluation of the castability of four different alternative alloys by measuring the marginal sharpness. Acta Odontol Scand 1986;44:165-72 https://doi.org/10.3109/00016358609026569
- McLean JM, von Fraunhofer JA. The estimation of cement film thickness by an in vivo technique. Br Dent J 1971;131:107-11 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4802708
- Watanabe K. Merit and demerit of runner bar for crown-bridge titanium casting-sink vortex causes internal defects [in Japanese]. Quintessence Dent Technol 1999;24:19-25.
- Jang KS, Youn SJ, Kim YS. Comparison of castability and surface roughness of commercially pure titanium and cobalt-chromium denture frameworks. J Prosthet Dent 2001;86:93-8 https://doi.org/10.1067/mpr.2001.116168