Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science

Korean Academy of Periodontology (대한치주과학회)
권호 표지

EFFECTS OF ELECTRICAL STIMULATION ON THE NORMAL PERIODONTIUM

전기자극이 정상 치주조직에 미치는 영향

  • Lim, Kyung-Seok (Department of Periodontology, Division of Dentistry, KyungHee University) ;
  • Kwon, Young-Hyuk (Department of Periodontology, Division of Dentistry, KyungHee University) ;
  • Lee, Man-sup (Department of Periodontology, Division of Dentistry, KyungHee University) ;
  • Park, Joon-Bong (Department of Periodontology, Division of Dentistry, KyungHee University)
  • 임경석 (경희대학교 치과대학 치주과학교실) ;
  • 권영혁 (경희대학교 치과대학 치주과학교실) ;
  • 이만섭 (경희대학교 치과대학 치주과학교실) ;
  • 박준봉 (경희대학교 치과대학 치주과학교실)
  • Published : 2002.03.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The earliest reports of the use of electrical energy to directly stimulate bone healing seem to be in 1853 from England, the techniques involved the introduction of direct current into the non-united fracture site percutaneously via metallic needles, with subsequent healing of the defect. One endpoint of the periodontal therapy is to generate structure lost by periodontal diseases. Several procedural advances may support regeneration of attachment, however, regeneration of alveolar bone does not occur consistently. Therefore, factors which stimulate bone repair are areas for research in periodontal reconstructive therapy. Effects of cytokines or growth factors on bone repair are examples of such areas. Another one is electrical current which occurs in bone naturally, so that such bone may be particularly susceptible to electrical therapy. The purposes of this study were to observe the effects of electrical stimulation on the normal periodontium, to determine whether the electricity is the useful means for periodontal regeneration or not. Forty rats weighted about 100 gram were used and divided into 4 groups, the first group, there was no electrical stimulation with the connection of electrodes only. In the second group, there was stimulated by the 10 mA during 10 minutes per a day, in the third group was stimulated by the 25 mA , and the fourth by the 50 mA. At 3, 5, 10 and 15 days post-appliance , two rats in each group were serially sacrificed. and the maxillae and the mandible processed to paraffin, and the specimens were prepared with Hematoxylin-Eosin stain for the light microscopic evaluation. The results of this study were as follows : 1. There was the distinct reversal line on the lingual alveolar crest, whereas a little changes in the labial alveolarcrest to the duration and amount of currents. 2. In 50 mA group, the cells were highly concentrated at the apex of anterior teeth, and was observed the necrotic tissue. In posterior root apex, the hypercementosis was appeared, and newly formed cementum layer has been increased continuously with the time. 3. The periodontal ligament fiber and Sharpey's fiber were arranged in order, and the bone trabeculae were increased as the experiment proceeded by, relatively the bone marrows were decreased. 4. In the pulp tissue, the blood vessels were increased with blood congestion in the experimetal specimens remarkably, and the dentinal tubules were obstructed . 5. The osteoblasts in alveolar bone proper had been showed highly activity, and also observed the formation of bone trabeculea. In the conclusion, it was suggested that the electrical stimulation has influence on the periodontium and the pulp tissue. However, there might be the injurious effects.

Keywords

References

  1. Kubota, K., Yoshimura, N., Yokota, M., and Wikesjo, M. E. : Overview of effects of electrical stimulation on osteogenesis and alveolar bone. J. Periodontol., 66(1):2-6, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1995.66.1.2
  2. Spadaro, J. A. : Electrically stimulated bone growth in animals and man., Clin. Orthop. Res., 122: 325-332., 1977
  3. Yasuda, I., Nagayama, H., and Kato, T. : Fundamental problems in the treatment of fracture., J. Kyoto. Med. Soc., 4:395-406., 1953
  4. Fukuda, E. and Yasuda, I. : On the piezoelectric effect of bone., J. Physiol. Soc. Jpn., 12:1158-1162, 1958
  5. Bassett, C. A. L., Pilla, A. A., and Pawluk, R. J. : A non-operative salvage of surgically-resistant pseudoarthroses and non-unions by pulsing electromagnetic fields. ; A preliminary report. Clin. Orthop., 124 : 128-142, 1977
  6. Davidovitch, Z., Shanfield, J., Iannacone, W., and Korostoff, E. : Enhancement of orthodontic tooth movement in cats by locally applied electric currents. J. Dent. Res., 56:588-592, 1977
  7. Davidovitch, Z., Finkelson, M. D., Steigman, S., Shanfeld, J. L., and Montgomery, P. C. : Electric currents, bone remodelling, and orthodontic tooth movement. The effect of electric currents on periodontal cyclic nucleotides., Am. J. Orthod., 77:14-32, 1980 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(80)90221-3
  8. Hashimoto, H. : Effect of micro- pulsed electricity on experimental tooth movement., Nippon Kyosei Shika Gak kai Zasshi., 49:352-361. 1990
  9. Jacobs, J. D. and Norton, L. A. : Electrical stimulation of osteogenesis in pathological osseous defects. J. Periodontol., 47(6):311-319, 1976 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1976.47.6.311
  10. Karaki, R. : Experimental study of internal remodelling and callus formation in mandible by electrical stimulation., J. Kyushu. Dent. Soc., 32:590-608, 1979
  11. Ortman, L. F., Casey, D. M., and Deers, M. : Bioelectric stimulation and residual ridge resortion., J. Prosthet. Dent., 67(1):67-71, 1992
  12. Narkhede, P. R. : A histological evaluation of the effect of electrical stimulation on osteogenic changes following placement blade-vent implants in the mandible of rabbits., J. Oral Implantol., 24(4): 185-195. 1998 https://doi.org/10.1563/1548-1336(1998)024<0185:AHEOTE>2.3.CO;2
  13. Roberts, W. E., Smith, R. K., and Cohen, J. A. : change in electrical potential within periodontal ligament of a tooth to osteogenic loading., Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 101:527-534, 1982
  14. Stefensen, B., Caffesse, R. G., Hanks, C. T., Avery, J. K., and Wright, N. : Clinical effects of electromagnetic stimulation as an adjunct to periodontal therapy. J. Periodontol. 59:46-52. 1987
  15. Kagayama, M., Sasano, Y. : Cementum formation in rat molar roots. Kaibokaku Zasshi. 75:365- 369. 2000
  16. Islam, M. N., Yamamoto, T., and Wakita, M. : Light and electron microscopic study of the initial attachment of principal fibers to the alveolar bone surface in rat molars. J. Periodontal. Res., 35: 344-351. 2000 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0765.2000.035006344.x
  17. Brighton, C. T., Friedenberg, Z. B., Mitchell, E. I., Booth, R. E. : Treatment of nonunion with constant direct current., Clin. Orthop., 124 : 106-123, 1977
  18. Caton, J. G., and Greenstein, G. : Factors related to periodontal regeneration., periodontology 2000., 1:9-15, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.1993.tb00202.x
  19. Melcher, A. H. : On the repair potential of periodontal tissue., J. Periodontol. 47:256-260., 1976. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1976.47.5.256
  20. Satake, T., Yasu, N., Kakai, Y., Kawamura, T., Sato, T., Nakano, T. Amino, S., Ishiwata, Y., and Saito, S. : Effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields on human periodontal ligament in vitro. Alterations of intracellular Ca2+., Kanagawa Shigaku. 24:735-742., 1990
  21. 박준봉, 허인식, 이혜자, 최영철 : 전기적 자극이 배양 두 개관 골세포의 석회화에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구. 대한치주과학회지., 27(4):949-961. 1997
  22. Kubota, K. : Effect fo electrical currents on alveolar bone defects. J. Kyushu. Dent. Soc., 36:64-81, 1982
  23. Karaki, R., Kubota, K., Hitaka, M., Yamaji, S., and Yamamoto, H. : The effect of currents on new cementum formation during periodontal wound healing., J. Kyushu. Dent. Soc., 23:598-609, 1981
  24. Tsukada, H., Ishigawa, H, Nakamura, S., and Yoshida, S. : Developmental changes of the vasculature in the periodontal ligament of rat molars., J. Periodontal. Res. 35(4):201-207. 2000 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0765.2000.035004201.x
  25. Kim, K. T. ; Biochemical study of human peri-odontal ligament : preparation of cell attachment materials induced by pulsed electromagnetic fields., Bull Kanagawa Dent Coll., 18:89-98. 1990
  26. van den Bos, T.and Beersten, W. : Alkaline phosphatase activity in human periodontal ligament : age effect and relation to cememtum growth rate. J. Periodotal Res., 34(1):1-6, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1999.tb02215.x
  27. Wang, Q., Xie, Y., Zhong, S.. Z., and Zhang, Z. Q. : The electrochemical reactions in tissue culture medium under direct current stimulation. Chin. J. Bioeng., 11:143-146, 1994
  28. Wang, Q., Zhong, S. Z., Ouyang, J., Jiang, L., Zhang, Z. Q., Xie, Y., and Luo, S. : Osteogenesis of electrically stimulated bone cells mediated in part by calcium ions. Clin. Orthop., 348:259-268, 1998
  29. Cheng, N., van Hoof, H., Bocks, E., Hoogmartens, M. J., Mulier, J. C., de Dijcker, F. J., Sansen, W. M., and de Loeker, W. : The effect of electric currents on ATP generation, protein synthesis and membrane transport of rat skin. Clin. Orthop., 171:264-272, 1982
  30. Ozawa, H., Abe, E., Shibasaki, Y., Fukuhara, T., and Suda, T. : Electric fields stimulate DNA synthesis of mouse osteoblast-like cell by a mechanism involving calcium ions. J. Cell. Physiol., 138:447-483, 1989
  31. Basset, C. A. L., Pawluk, R. J., and Pilla, A. A. : Acceleration of fracture repair by electromagnetic fields ; A surgically non-invasive method., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 238-243, 1974
  32. Basset, C. A. L., Pawluk, R. J., and Pilla, A. A. : Augmentation of bone repair by inductively coupled electromagnetic fields., Science, 184 : 575-577, 1977 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.184.4136.575
  33. Basset, C. A. L., Pawluk, R. J., and Pilla, A. A. : A non-operative salvage of surgically resistance pseudoarthroses and nn-unions by pulsing electromagnetic fields : A preliminary report., Clin. Orthop., 124:128-142, 1977
  34. Basset, C. A. L. : Pulsing electromagnetic fields ; A method to modify cell behavior in calcified and non-calcified tissues., Calcif. Tissue Int., 34 :1982
  35. Brighton, C. T., Friendenberg, Z. B., Mitchell, E. I., and Booth, R. E. : Treatment of non-union with constant direct current., Clin. Orthop., 124:106-123, 1977
  36. Beard, R. B., Hung, B. N., and Schmukler, R. : Biocompatibility considerations at stimulating electrodes interfaces. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 20:395-410, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02368539
  37. Zhao, G. Z. : Effects of permanent magnetic field on DNA metabolism of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts in vitro., Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi., 29:75-78,127. 1994
  38. Cerny, R. : The reaction of dental tissues to magnetic fields., Aust. Dent. J. 25:264-268, 1980 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.1980.tb05198.x
  39. Kerezoudis, N. P., Olgart, L., and Edwall, L. : Evans blue extravasa -tion in rat dental pulp and oral tissues induced by electrical stimulation of the inferior alveolar nerve., Arch. Oral. Biol., 38(10): 893-901. 1993 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9969(93)90099-8
  40. Yoshimura, M., Yonehara, N., Ito, T., Kawai, Y., and Tamura, T. : Effects of topically applied capsaicin cream on neurogenic inflammation and thermal sensitivity in rats. Jpn. J. Pharmrcol. 82:116-121, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1254/jjp.82.116
  41. Vass, Z., Steyger, P. S., Hordichok, A. J., Trune, D. R., Jancso, G., and Nuttall, A. L. : Capsaicin stimulation of cochlea and electrical stimulation of trigeminal ganglion mediate vascular permeability in cochlea and vertebro-basilar arteries: potential cause of inner ear dysfunction in headache., Neuroscience., 103:189-201, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(00)00521-2
  42. Ross, S. M., Ferrier, J. M., and Aubin, J. E. : Studies on the alignment of fibroblasts in uni-form applied electrical fields., Bioelectromagnetics, 10:371-384, 1989 https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250100406
  43. Boucher, Y., Hofman, S., Joulin, Y., and Azerad, J. : Effects of BP 2-94, a selective H(3)-receptor agonist, on blood flow vascular permeability of rat mandibular incisor pulp., Arch. Oral. Biol., 46:83-92, 2001
  44. Kobayashi, T. : Physicochemical characterization and histological bone-formability evaluation of electrically polarized hydroxyapatite., Kokubyo Gakkai Zasshi., 67:264- 271, 2000 https://doi.org/10.5357/koubyou.67.264