DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

NITRIC OXIDE AND DENTAL PULP

NITRIC OXIDE와 치수

  • Kim, Young-Kyung (Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Kim, Sung-Kyo (Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University)
  • 김영경 (경북대학교 치과대학 치과보존학교실) ;
  • 김성교 (경북대학교 치과대학 치과보존학교실)
  • Published : 2002.09.01

Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO) is a small molecule (mol. wt. 30 Da) and oxidative free radical. It is uncharged and can therefore diffuse freely within and between cells across membrane. Such characteristics make it a biologically important messenger in physiologic processes such as neurotransmission and the control of vascular tone. NO is also highly toxic and is known to acts as a mediator of cytotoxicity during host defense. NO is synthesized by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) through L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway which is a dioxygenation process. NO synthesis involves several participants, three co-substrates, five electrons, five co-factors and two prosthetic groups. Under normal condition, low levels of NO are synthesized by type I and III NOS for a short period of time and mediates many physiologic processes. Under condition of oxidant stress, high levels of NO are synthesized by type II NOS and inhibits a variety of metabolic processes and can also cause direct damage to DNA. Such interaction result in cytostasis, energy depletion and ultimately cell death. NO has the potential to interact with a variety of intercellular targets producing diverse array of metabolic effects. It is known that NO is involved in hemodynamic regulation, neurogenic inflammation, re-innervation, management of dentin hypersensitivity on teeth. Under basal condition of pulpal blood flow, NO provides constant vasodilator tone acting against sympathetic vasoconstriction. Substance P, a well known vasodilator, was reported to be mediated partly by NO, while calcitonin-gene related peptide has provided no evidence of its relation with NO. This review describes the roles of NO in dental pulp in addition to the known general roles of it.

Keywords

References

  1. Kim, S.. Dorscher-Kim, J. and Kim, S. K.: Contribution of the low compliance environment to the pathophysiology of the pulp, Proceedings of the International Conference on Dentin/Pulp Complex 95 and the International Meeting on Clinical Topics of Dentin/Pulp Complex, Quintessence Publishing Co., Ltd., pp.154-157, 1996
  2. Knowles, R. G., Moncada, S. : Nirtic oxide synthase in mammals. Biochem. J., 298:249-258, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2980249
  3. Bredt, D. S., Hwang. P. M., and Snyder. S. H. : Localization of nitric oxide synthase indicating a neuronal role for nitric oxide, Nature, 347:768-770, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1038/347768a0
  4. Janssens, S. P., Shimouchi, A., Quertermous, T., Bloch, D. B., and Bloch, K. D. : Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding human endothelium-derived relaxing factor/nitric oxide synthase, J. Bio. Chem., 267:14519-14522, 1992
  5. Lamas, S., Marsden, P. A., Li. G. K., Tempst, P.. and Michel, T. : Endothelial nitric oxide synthase: molecular cloning and characterization of a distinct constitutive enzyme isoform, Proc. Natl. Acad. U. S. A., 89:6348-6352. 1992 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.14.6348
  6. Bredt, D. S., Snyder, S. H. : Isolation of nitric oxide synthetase, a calmodulin-requiring enzyme, Proc. Natl. Acad. U. S. A., 87:682-685, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.2.682
  7. Nathan, C., Xie, Q. : Regulation of biosynthesis of nitric oxide, J. Biol. Chem., 269:13725-13728, 1994
  8. Sessa. W. C., Hecker. M., Mitchell, J. A., and Vane, J. R. : The metabolism of L-arginine and its significance for the biosynthesis of endothelium-derived relaxing factor: L-glutamine inhibits the generation of L-arginine by cultured endothelial cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. USA, 87:8607-8611, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.21.8607
  9. Kim, S. K.: Role of sympathetic nerve on the control of microcirculation in the feline dental pulp. The Journal of Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry, 21(1):375-384, 1996
  10. Kim, S. K., Ang. L., Hsu, Y. Y., Dorscher-Kim, J. and Kim, S.: Antagonistic effect of D-myo-inositol-1,2,6-trisphosphate (PP56) on neuropeptide-Y induced vasoconstriction in the feline dental pulp. Archives of Oral Biology, 41(8-9): 791-798, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9969(96)00061-1
  11. Kim, S. K., Ang, L., Hsu Y. Y., and Kim, S.: Effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation, norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y on vasomotor control in the feline dental pulp, Proceedings of the International Conference on Dentin/Pulp Complex 95 and the International Meeting on Clinical Topics of Dentin/Pulp Complex, Quintessence Publishing Co., Ltd., pp.232-233, 1996
  12. Kim, S. K., Ang. L.. Hsu, Y. Y., Dorscher-Kim. J., Kim, S.: Characterization of NK1 receptor antagonists in the feline dental pulp, Proceeding of the International Conference on Dentin/Pulp Complex 2001 64
  13. Kerezoudis, N.P., Olgart, L., Edwall, L.: Differential effects of nitric oxide synthesis inhibition on basal blood flow and antidromic vasodilation in rat oral tissues, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 14:209-19, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(71)90131-2
  14. Yonehara, N., Takamura. M., Shigenara. Y. : Involvement of nitric oxide in re-innervation of rat molar tooth pulp following transection of the inferior alveolar nerve, Brain Res., 757:31-36, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00069-3
  15. McCormack, K., Davies, R. : The enigma of potassium ion in the management of dentin hypersensitivity: is nitric oxide the evulsive second messenger? Pain. 68:5-11, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(96)03142-9
  16. Moncada, S., Palmer. R. M. J.. and Higgs, E. A.: Nitric oxide : physiology. pathology. pathophysiology, and pharmacology, Pharm. Rev., 43(2):109-142, 1992
  17. Stamler, J. S. : Redex signaling: nitrosylation and related target interactions of nitric oxide, Cell. 78:931-936, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(94)90269-0
  18. Radomski, M. W.. Palmer, R. M. J., and Moncada, S.: Characterization of the L-arginine : nitric oxide pathway in human platelet, Br. J. Pharmacol., 101:325-328, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1990.tb12709.x
  19. Radomski, M. W., Palmer, R. M. J., and Moncada, S. : An L-arginine/ nitric oxide pathway present in human platelets regulates aggregation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 87:5193-5197, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.13.5193
  20. Hope. B. T., Michael, G. J., Knigge, K. M.. and Vincent, S. R. : Neuronal NADPH diaphorase is nitric oxide synthase, Proc. Natl. Acad. U. S. A., 88:2811-2814, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.7.2811
  21. Dawson, T. M., Bredt. D. S.. Fotuhi. M.. Hwang, P. M., and Snyder, S. H. : Nitric oxide synthase and neuronal NADPH diaphorase are identical in brain and peripheral tissues, Proc. Natl. Acad. U. S. A., 88;7797-7801, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.17.7797
  22. Gabbott, P. L. A., Bacon, S. J. : Histochemical localization of NADPH-dependant diaphorase(nitric oxide synthase) activity in vascular endothelial cells in the rat brain, Neuroscience, 57(1):79-95, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(93)90113-T
  23. Law, A. S., Baumgardner, K. R., Meller, S. T., and Gebhart, G. F. : Localization and change in NADPH-diaphorase reactivity and nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in rat pulp following tooth preparation, J. Dent. Res., 78(10):1585-1595, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345990780100301
  24. Ekelund, U.. Mellander. S. : Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the regulation of tones in large-bore arterial resistance vessels, arterioles and veins in cat skeletal muscle, Acta Physiol. Scand., 140:301-309, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1990.tb09004.x
  25. Glick, M. R., Gehman, J. D., and Gascho, J. A. : Endothelium-derived nitric oxide reduces baseline venous tone in awake instrumented rats, the Am. Physiol. Soc., H47-H50,1993
  26. Lohinai, Z., Balla. I., Marczis, J., Vass. Z., and Kovach, A. G. B. : Evidence for the role of nitric oxide in the circulation of the dental pulp. J. Dent. Res., 74(8):1501-1506, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345950740081101
  27. Hsu, Y. Y. : The effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor: L-NAME on substance P-induced vasodilation in the feline dental pulp. Thesis, Master Sci. in Oral Biol., University of Pennsylvania (1996)
  28. Hsu, Y. Y., Kim, S. K., Karabucak, B., Wong. R., Dorscher-Kim, J. and Kim, S.: The effect of nitric oxide inhibitor (L-NAME) on substance P induced vasodilation in the feline dental pulp, Journal of Dental Research, 75(Spec.Iss.): 357, 1996
  29. Olgart, L., Kostouros, G.D., Edwall, L.: Local actions of acetylcholine on vasomotor regulation in rat incisor pulp, Acta. Physiol. Scand., 158:311-6, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-201X.1996.69319000.x
  30. Berggreen, E., Heyeraas, K. J. : The role of sensory neuropeptides and nitric oxide on pulpal blood flow and tissue pressure in the ferret., J. Dent. Res., 78(9):1535-1543. 1999 https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345990780090801
  31. Kim, S. K., Karabucak, B., Welsch, H., Simchon, S., Kim, S.: Intracellular mechanism of substance P-induced vosodilatation in bovine dental pulp, J. Endodontics 27: 231, 2001
  32. Kim, S. K., Karabucak. B.. Welsch, H., Simchon, S., Kim, S.: Vasodilatory function of substance P and L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway, Journal of Dental Research 80: 552. 2001
  33. Walsch, H.: Neuropeptide-induced vasodilation in bovine dental pulp: the role of calcitonine-gene related peptide in cGMP and cAMP production, Thesis, Master Sci. in Oral Biol., University of Pennsylvania (2001)
  34. Kim, S, K,: Regulatory mechanism of calcitonin-gene related peptide on pulpal blood flow, Project report, Medical Research Institute. Kyungpook National University Hospital, 2001