Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment

Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment (한국대기환경학회)
권호 표지

Characteristic Distributions of Hydrogen Peroxide and Methyl Hydroperoxide and over the North Pacific Ocean

  • Lee, Meehye (Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Korea University) ;
  • Brian G. Heikes (Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island)
  • Published : 2002.06.01
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Hydrogen peroxide and methyl hydroperoxide were measured over the northwestern Pacific Ocean during NASA's PEM (Pacific Exploratory Mission) -West. The first experiment (PEM -West A) was conducted in the fall of 1991 and PEM-West B in the early spring of 1994. Hydroperoxide data were obtained on board the NASA DC -8 aircraft through the entire depth of the troposphere. Average concentrations of both H$_2$O$_2$and CH$_3$OOH were higher during PEM -West A than B. The seasonal difference in hydroperoxide distribution was determined by the degree of photochemical activities and the strength and location of jetstream, which led to extensive and rapid continental outflow during the PEM-West B. While for H$_2$O$_2$distribution, a longitudinal gradient was more apparent than a latitudinal gradient, it was opposite for the CH$_3$OOH distribution. The longitudinal gradient indicates the proximity to the anthropogenic sources from the Asian continent, but the latitudinal gradient reflects photochemical activity. During PEM -West B, the ratio of C$_2$H$_2$/CO, a tracer for continental emission was raised and high concentrations of H$_2$O$_2$were associated with high ratios. The flux of hydroperoxide toward the North Pacific was also enhanced in the early spring. The eastward fluxes of H$_2$O$_2$ were 9% and 17% of the average photochemical production over the Pacific Basin between 140°E and 130°W during PEM-West A and B, respectively. For CH$_3$OOH, these ratios were 8% and 13%. Considering the lifetime of hydroperoxide and the rapid transport of pollutants, the export of hydroperoxide with other oxidants would have a significant influence on oxidant cycles over the North Pacific during winter/spring.

Keywords

References

  1. Blake, N.J., D.R. Blake, T.-Y. Chen, J.E. Collins, Jr., G.W. Sachse, B.E. Anderson, F.S. Rowland (1997) Dis-tribution and seasonality of selected hydrocarbonsand halocarbons over the westem Pacific basin during PEM-West A and PEM-West B.J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28315-28331
  2. Duce, R.A., C.K. Unni, BJ. Ray, J.M. Prospero, and J.T.Merrill (1980) Long-range atmospheric transportof soil dust from Asia to the tropical North Pacific. Science, 209, 1522-1524
  3. Gregory, G.L. et aI. (1996) Chemical signatures of aged Pacific air: Mixed layer and free troposphere as measured during PEM-West A. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1727-1742
  4. Heikes, B.G., G.L. Kok, J.G. Welega, and A.L. Lazrus(1987) $H_2O_2$, $O_3$ and $SO_2$ measurements in the lower troposphere over the eastern United States during fall. J. Geophys. Res., 92. 915-931
  5. Heikes, B.G., M. Lee, J.Bradshaw, S. Sandholm, D.D. Davis,W. Chameides, H. Rodriguez, S. Liu, S. McKeen(1996) Hydrogen peroxide and methyl hydroper-oxide distributions over the Nonh Pacific in the fall of 1991. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1891-1905
  6. HoelI, J.M,, D.D. Davis, S.C. Liu, R. Newell, M. Shipham, H.Akimoto, R.J. McNeal, R.J. Bendura, and J.W.Drewry (1996) Pacific Exploratory Mission-WestA (PEM-West A): September-October 1991. J.Geophys.Res., 101, 1641-1653
  7. Hoell, J.M., D.D. Davis, S.C. Liu, R.E. Newell, M. Akimoto, R.J. McNeal, and R.J. Bendura(1997) The Pacific Exploratory Mission-West Phase B: February-March, 1994. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28223-28239
  8. Jacob, P. and D. Klockow (1992) Hydrogen peroxide measurements in the marine atmosphere. J, Atmos. Chem., 15, 353-360,1992
  9. Kawakami, S. el at. (1997) Impact of hghtning and convectionon reactive nitrogen in the tropical free tropos-phere. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28367-28384
  10. Kleinman, L.I. (1986) Photochemical formation of peroxides in the boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 10889-10904
  11. Kleinman, L.I.(1991) Seasonal dependence ofboundary layerperoxide concentrations: The low and the high NO, regimes. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 20721-20733
  12. Lazrus, A.L., G.L. Kok, J.A. Lind, S.N. Gitlin, B.G. Heikes,and R.E. Shetter (1986) Automated fluorometric method of hydrogen peroxide in air, Anal. Chem., 58, 594-597
  13. Lee, M., B.C. Noone, D. O'Sullivan, and B.G. Heikes(1995) Method for the collection and HPLC analysis of hydrogen peroxide and $C_1$ and $C_2$ hydroperoxides in the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12,1060-1070
  14. Lee, M., B.G. Heikes, and D.J. Jacob(1998) Enhancements of hydroperoxides and fonnaldehyde in biomass impacted air and their effect on atmospheric oxidant cycles. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13201-13212
  15. Logan, J.A., M.J. Prather, S.C. Wofsy, and M.B. McElroy(1981) Tropospheric chemistry: A global perspective. J. Geophys. Res., 86,7210-7254
  16. Merrill, J.T. (1989) Atmosphehc long-range transport to the Pacific Ocean. In: Riley, J.P., Chester, R., Duce, R.A.(Eds.). Chemical Oceanography, Vol. 10, Academic Press, San Diego, California, pp. 15-50
  17. Merrill, J.T., R. Bleck, and L. Avila(1985) Modeling atmospheric transport to the Marshall Islands. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 12927-12936
  18. Merrill, J.T., R.E. Newell, and A.S. Bachmeier(1997) A meteorological overview for the Pacific Exploratory Mission-West Phase B.J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28241-28253
  19. Newell, R.E. et al. (1996) Atmospheric sampling of Supertyphoon Mireille with NASA DC-8 aircraft on September 27, 1991, during PEM-West A. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1853-1871
  20. Newell, R.E., Y. Zhu, E.V. Browell, W.G. Read, and J.W. Waters (1996) Walker circulation and tropical upper tropospheric water vapor. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1961-1974
  21. O'Sullivan, D., M. Lee, B.C. Noone, and B.G. Heikes (1996) Henry's law solubility of hydrogen peroxide, methyl hydrciperoxide, hydroxymethyl hydroperoxide, l-hydroxyethyl hydioperoxide, peroxyacetic acid, and ethyl hydroperoxide. J. Phys. Chem., 100, 3241-3247
  22. O'Sullivan, D.W., B.G. Heikes, M. Lee, W. Chang, G.Gregory, D. Blake, and G. Sachse(1999) The dis-tribution of hydrogen peroxide and methyl hydro-peroxide in the Pacific and South Atlantic, J. Geo-phys. Res., 104, 5635-5646
  23. Penkett, S.A., B.M. R. Jones. K.A. Brice, and A.E. Eggleton(1979) The importance of atmospheric ozone and hydrogen pcroxide in oxidizing sulfur dioxide incloud and rainwater. Atmospheric Environment, 13, 123-137
  24. Prospero, J.M., M. Uematsu, and D.L. Savoie(1989) Mineral aerosol transport to the Pacific Ocean. In: Riley, J.P., Chester, R., Duce, R.A. (Eds.). Chemical Oceanography, Vol. 10, Academic Press, San Diego, Califomia, PP. 187-218
  25. Smyth, S. et iit. (1996) Comparison of free tropospheric wes-tem Pacific air mass classification schemes for the PEM-West A expehment. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1743-11762
  26. Talbot, R.W. el al. (1997) Chemical characteristics of continental out리ow from Asia to the troposphere over the westem Pacific Ocean during February-March 1994: Results from PEM-West B.J. Geophys.Res., 102, 28255-28274
  27. Thompson, A.M. (1992) The oxidizing capacity of the Earth's atmosphere: Probable past and future change, Science, 256, 1157-1165
  28. Van Valin, C.C., J.D. Ray, J.F. Boatman, and R.L. Gunter(1987) Hydrogen peroxide in air during winter over the south-central United States. Geophys. Res. Lett.. 14, 1146-1149
  29. Van Valin, C.C., M. Luria, J.D. Ray, and J.F. Boatman(1990) Hydrogen peroxide and ozone over the northeastem United States in June 1987. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 5689-5695
  30. Weller, R. and O. Schrems (1993) $H_2O_2$ in the mahne troposphere and seawater of the Atlantic Ocean ($48^{\circ}$N${\sim}$$63^{\circ}$S). Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 125-128