사상이론(四象理論)의 리더십 연구(硏究)에 적용(適用)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)

A Sasang Theory of Leadership

  • Kim, Mam-in (School of Business and Economics, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)
  • 발행 : 2000.06.30

초록

지난 반세기 동안 리더십 연구의 공통적 관심사는 조직 효과성의 향상을 위해 다각적인 리더들의 행위관찰을 통해 상황과 지위에 합치하는 리더십을 제시하는 것으로 요약된다. 이러한 시각의 기본적 전제는 선천적 특질에 관계없이 인간은 스스로 상황에 따라 적응할 수 있다는 시각을 갖는다. 그러나 동일한 상황에 대한 개개인의 태도와 행위는 다르다는 사실을 간과할 수 없는 바 기존의 리더십 연구에서 보여지듯이 선천적 특질에 관계없이 후천적 상황 요인만이 인간의 특질과 행위에 영향을 미친다고 보기는 무리가 따른다. 이미 동양에서는 수 천년 동안 철학자들에 의해 인간의 선천적 특질과 인간성을 후천적으로 주어지는 환경에 적응할 수 있도록 하기 위한 연구가 이루어져 왔다. 본 연구에서는 이미 의학분야에서 널리 활용되고 있는 인간의 선천적 특질을 분류하는데 유효한 사상이론을 리더십 연구에 적용하였다. 본 논문의 구성은 20세기 중반 이후 활발히 연구되어 온 리더십의 제 이론들을 논의하고 사상이론이 여하의 동양사상을 바탕으로 인간본성이 성립되는 경로를 어떻게 설명할 수 있는가를 살펴보았다. 그리고 가상적 사례들을 통하여 리더십 이론들의 문제점들을 인식하게 하여 차후 실증적 작업을 통하여 리더십 유형과의 관련성을 검증할 수 있는 이론적 배경을 마련하기 위한 방향을 제시하였다. 요약하면 이러한 결과는 선천적 요인이 리더십 유형을 결정하는 변수로 고려되어야 함을 의미하는바 향후 연구에서는 사상이론과 그 배경 이론들을 다각적으로도 시도함으로서 리더십의 예측 가능성을 시사한다.

The common concerns of leadership approaches were focused on finding leadership factors or necessity of leadership change to proper leadership styles adapt to contingent change through observing various leaders' behaviors for improving organizational effectiveness. Basically, they assumed that the human could be adapt to any conditions regardless of his inherent characters though it is perceived generally that human beings have different attitudes and behaviors toward the same fact, condition, situation, etc. In other words, inherent factors that cause individual differences have been neglected but concerned only about postnatal environments which influence human characters in previous leadership studies. A number of studies concerning inherent human characters have been worked in Asia for the past thousands years, which enable answering to the questions; why the human beings have different characters and personalities, and how to manage them in the given life conditions. In this research, four type human theory(called Sasang Theory) which has already been widely used in medical field in Korea will be introduced and applied to leadership theory to indicate inherent causal factors of the human character that are expected to influence leadership styles. In process, two different methods, one is for leadership theory and the other is for Sasang theory, have to be considered to match the different ideas. The theory is so predictable that the result implies possibilities of further future researches in the organizational fields by presupposing human behavior.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. 충남대학교 철학과 박사학위 논문 易學의 時間觀에 關한 硏究 김만산
  2. 제7회 한국절학자 연합학술대회 발표논문집 철학, 인간, 그리고 교육 김만산
  3. 대산 주역강의 v.1-3 김석진
  4. 경희대학교 한의학과 박사학위 논문 四象體質分流 檢査紙(QSCC)의 標準化 硏究 김선호
  5. 四象醫學의 哲學的 背景 김수범
  6. 周易 김혁제
  7. 동의사상요사 박인상
  8. 사상의학 송일병(外);전국 한의과 대학교 사상의학교실
  9. 사상 체질학 원론 윤길영;李濟馬(原著)
  10. 동의수세보원 이민수;李濟馬(原著)
  11. 格致藁 이제마
  12. 論語 장기근;孔子(原著)
  13. 사상학원론 홍순형;이을호;李濟馬(原著)
  14. Emerging Leadership Vistas Transformational leadership, charisma and beyond Avolio, B.J.;Bass, B.M.;Hunt, J.G..(ed.);Baliga, H.R.(ed.);Dachler, H.P.(ed.);Schriesheim, C.A.(ed.)
  15. Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations Bass, B.M.
  16. Educational and Psychological Measurement v.49 Potential biases in leadership measures : how prototypes, leniency, and general satisfaction relate to ratings and rankings of transformational and transactional leadership constructs Bass, B.M.;Avlio, B.J.
  17. Leaders : the Strategies for Taking Charge Bennis, W.G.;Nanus, B.
  18. Handbook of Organizational Studies Leadership in Organizations Bryman, A.;Clegg, S.R.(ed.);Hardy, C.(ed.);Noed, W.R.(ed.)
  19. Leadership Burns, J.M.
  20. The Charismatic Leader : Behind the Mystique of Exceptional Leadership Conger, J.A.
  21. A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness Fiedler, F.E.
  22. Improving Leadership Effectivenes : Cognitive Resources and Organizational Performance Fiedler, F.E.;Garcia, J.E.
  23. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology v.42 The principles and traits of leadership Gibb, C.A.
  24. Journal of Managerial Studies v.25 Organizing, leadership and skillful process Hosking, D.M.
  25. Leadership : the Cutting Edge A 1976 theory of charismatic leadership House, R.J.;Hunt, J.G.(ed.);Larson, L.L.(ed.)
  26. The Wisdom of Teams : Creating the High-Performances Organization Katzenbach, J.R.;Smith, D.K.
  27. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance v.12 Toward a contingency theory of leadership based upon the consideration and initiating structure literature Kerr, S.;Schriesheim, C.A.;Murphy, C.J.;Stogdill, R.M.
  28. A Confucian Theory of Leadership Kim, C.B.
  29. Personal Psychology v.19 Consideration, initiating structure, and organizational criteria - a review Korman, A.K.
  30. Creditability : How Leadrs Gain and Lose It, Why People Demand It. Kouzes, J.M.;Posner, B.Z.
  31. Strategy and Leadership Leavy, B.;Wilson, D.
  32. The Essence of Leadership : the Four Keys to Leading Successfully Locke, E.A.(associates)
  33. Journal of Applied Psychology v.71 A meta-analysis of the relationship between personality traits and leadrship perceptions : an application of validity generalization procedures Lord, R.G.;De Vader, C.L.;Allinger, G.M.
  34. Psychological Bulletin v.56 A review of the relationship between personality and performance in small groups Mann, R.D.
  35. Organizational Dynamics v.19 Super Leadership : beyond the myth of heroic leadership Manz, C.C.;Sims, H.P.
  36. Organizational Dynamics no.Summer Designing Strategic Human Resources Systems Miles, R.;Snow, C.
  37. In Search of Excellence : Lessons from America's Best-Run Companies Peters T.;Waterman, R.H.
  38. Human Relations v.38 Transforming leadership : A process of collective action Roberts, N.C.
  39. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance v.20 Implicit leadership theory : a potential threat to the internal validity of leader behavior questionnaires Rush, M.C.;Thomas, J.C.;Lord, R.G.
  40. The New Leadership Paradigm Sims, H.P.;Lorenzi, P.
  41. Journal of Psychology v.25 Personal factors associated with leadership : a survey of the literature Stogdill, R.M.
  42. Psychological Bulletin v.90 Leadership, membership and organization Stogdill, R.M.
  43. Psychological Bulletin v.90 A metaanalytic investigationof Fiedler's contingency model of leadership effectiveness Stube, M.J.;Garcia, J.E.
  44. The Transformational Leader Tichy, N.M.;Devanna, M.A.
  45. Human Relations v.41 Seperating leadership from leaders : an assessment of the effect of leader and follower roles in organizations Vanderslice, V.J.
  46. Psychological Bulletin v.93 Assessing the validity of Fiedler's contingency model of leadership effectiveness Vecchio, R.P.
  47. Theory of Social and Economic Organizations Weber, M.;Parsons, T.(tr.)
  48. Organizational Behavior : Understanding and Managing People at Work White, Donald D.;Bednar, David A.